| 1. |
- Carling, Gerd
(författare)
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Linguistic archaeology : An introduction and methodological guide
- 2024
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Linguistic Archaeology provides students with an accessible introduction to the field of linguistic archaeology, both as theoretical framework and methodological toolkit, for understanding the conceptual foundations and practical considerations involved in reconstructing the prehistory of language. The book introduces the field's expansion out of traditional approaches to focus more on the interplay of related disciplines and the reconstruction of human language beyond the written period. The opening chapter outlines key theories and charts their development from the nineteenth century through to today, drawing on work from computational historical linguistics, phylogenetics, and linguistic anthropology. Subsequent chapters build on theory to take a hands-on approach in mining empirical data in the process of reconstructing language prehistory, including references, links, and instructions to open access resources, and offering a step-by-step guide for employing the rich range of available methods in working with this data. Closing chapters situate theory and method in context against chronological and geographic perspectives and look ahead to future trajectories for continued progress in this emerging area of study. Offering a holistic entry point into linguistic archaeology, this innovative volume will be a helpful resource for students in historical linguistics, linguistic anthropology, language evolution, and cultural geography.
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| 2. |
- Erben Johansson, Niklas
(författare)
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Prominence effects in vocal iconicity : Implications for lexical access and language change
- 2024
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Ingår i: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - 0001-4966. ; 155:1, s. 8-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores how three cognitive and perceptual cues, vocal iconicity, resemblance-based mappings between form and meaning, and segment position and lexical stress, interact to affect word formation and language processing. The study combines an analysis of the word-internal positions that iconic segments occur in based on data from 245 language families with an experimental study in which participants representing more than 30 languages rated iconic and non-iconic pseudowords. The pseudowords were designed to systematically vary segment and stress placement across syllables. The results for study 1 indicate that segments used iconically appear approximately 0.26 segment positions closer toward the beginning of words compared to non-iconic segments. In study 2, it was found that iconic segments occurring in stressed syllables and non-iconic segments occurring in the second syllable were rated as significantly more fitting. These findings suggest that the interplay between vocal iconicity and prominence effects increases the predictive function of iconic segments by foregrounding sounds, which intrinsically carry semantic information. Consequently, these results contribute to the understanding of the widespread occurrence of vocal iconicity in human languages.
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| 3. |
- Anikin, Andrey, et al.
(författare)
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Do some languages sound more beautiful than others?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490. ; 120:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Italian is sexy, German is rough—but how about Páez or Tamil? Are there universal phonesthetic judgments based purely on the sound of a language, or are preferences attributable to language-external factors such as familiarity and cultural stereotypes? We collected 2,125 recordings of 228 languages from 43 language families, including 5 to 11 speakers of each language to control for personal vocal attractiveness, and asked 820 native speakers of English, Chinese, or Semitic languages to indicate how much they liked these languages. We found a strong preference for languages perceived as familiar, even when they were misidentified, a variety of cultural-geographical biases, and a preference for breathy female voices. The scores by English, Chinese, and Semitic speakers were weakly correlated, indicating some cross-cultural concordance in phonesthetic judgments, but overall there was little consensus between raters about which languages sounded more beautiful, and average scores per language remained within ±2% after accounting for confounds related to familiarity and voice quality of individual speakers. None of the tested phonetic features—the presence of specific phonemic classes, the overall size of phonetic repertoire, its typicality and similarity to the listener’s first language—were robust predictors of pleasantness ratings, apart from a possible slight preference for nontonal languages. While population-level phonesthetic preferences may exist, their contribution to perceptual judgments of short speech recordings appears to be minor compared to purely personal preferences, the speaker’s voice quality, and perceived resemblance to other languages culturally branded as beautiful or ugly.
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| 4. |
- Hasselquist, David, et al.
(författare)
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Now is the Time: Scalable and Cloud-supported Audio Conferencing using End-to-End Homomorphic Encryption
- 2023
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2023 CLOUD COMPUTING SECURITY WORKSHOP, CCSW 2023. - : ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. - 9798400702594 ; , s. 41-53
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Homomorphic encryption (HE) allows computations on encrypted data, leaking neither the input nor the computational output. While the method has historically been infeasible to use in practice, due to recent advancements, HE has started to be applied in real-world applications. Motivated by the possibility of outsourcing heavy computations to the cloud and still maintaining end-to-end security, in this paper, we use HE to design a basic audio conferencing application and demonstrate that our design approach (including some advanced features) is both practical and scalable. First, by homomorphically mixing encrypted audio in an untrusted, honest-but-curious server, we demonstrate the practical use of HE in audio communication. Second, by using multiplication operations, we go beyond the purely additive audio mixing and implement advanced example features capable of handling server-side mute and breakout rooms without the cloud server being able to extract sensitive user-specific metadata. Whereas the encryption and decryption times are shown to be magnitudes slower than generic AES encryption and roughly ten times slower than Signal's AES implementation, our solution approach is scalable and achieves end-to-end encryption while keeping performance well within the bounds of practical use. Third, besides studying the performance aspects, we also objectively evaluate the perceived audio quality, demonstrating that this approach also achieves excellent audio quality. Finally, our comprehensive evaluation and empirical findings provide valuable insights into the tradeoffs between HE schemes, their security configurations, and audio parameters. Combined, our results demonstrate that audio mixing using HE (including advanced features) now can be made both practical and scalable.
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Niklas
(författare)
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Arctic farmsteads as places of becoming
- 2023
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Ingår i: Exploring belonging and meaning: Lifescapes - Landscapes - Timescapes. - Trondheim : Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet (NTNU). ; , s. 51-52
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Niklas, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Conjugate Logic
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Quantum-Like Revolution. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031129858 - 9783031129865 ; , s. 157-180
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a conjugate logic that can capture the behavior of quantum and quantum-like systems. The proposal is similar to the more generic concept of epistemic logic: it encodes knowledge or perhaps more correctly, predictions about outcomes of future observations on some systems. For a quantum system, these predictions are statements about future outcomes of measurements performed on specific degrees of freedom of the system. The proposed logic will include propositions and their relations, including connectives, but importantly also transformations between propositions on conjugate degrees of freedom of the systems. A key point is the addition of a transformation that allows to convert propositions about single systems into propositions about correlations between systems. We will see that subtle choices of the properties of the transformations lead to drastically different underlying mathematical models; one choice gives stabilizer quantum mechanics, while another choice gives Spekkens’ toy theory. This points to a crucial basic property of quantum and quantum-like systems that can be handled within the present conjugate logic by adjusting the mentioned choice. It also enables a discussion on what behaviors are properly quantum or only quantum-like, relating to that choice and how it manifests in the system under scrutiny.
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| 7. |
- Malm, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Utvärdering av SI-verksamheten vid Lunds universitet 2022/23
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Enkelt uttryckt är Samverkansinlärning (SI) en studiecirkel kopplat till en utmanande kurs. SI leds av en senior student som utformar läraktiviteter där studenterna arbetar i grupper med att förklara och förtydliga svårt kursmaterial. Målsättningen med SI, förutom förbättrade prestationer i den aktuella kursen, är att studenterna skall utveckla goda studiestrategier och bli mer självständiga i sitt lärande. Denna rapport behandlar SI-verksamheten vid Lunds universitet under läsåret 2022/23. Målsättningen är att läsaren skall få en god bild av hur SI bedrivs vid lärosätet och hur insatsen upplevs av deltagare och studentledare. Rapporten bygger dels på kvantitativa data – SI-närvaro, samt närvaron kopplat till studenternas prestationer i SI-stödda kurser. Och dels på kvalitativa data från enkäter till deltagare och SI-ledare, dels information frän metodhandledare och SI-koordinatorer. Under läsåret 2022/23 kompletterades undervisningen i 204 kurstillfällen av SI där totalt 266 studentledare ledde SI-pass. 5200 studenter vid universitetet deltog på passen under läsåret. Medelnärvaron var 23 % och 53% av studenter med tillgång till SI provade på att besöka åtminstone ett pass. Dessa siffror betyder att SI-verksamheten vid Lunds universitet är en av de största vid lärosäten i Europa (SI finns på 75+ högre lärosäten i Europa). SI-verksamheten följer också grundläggande SI-principer på ett bra sätt enligt deltagarna. Exempelvis på så sätt att deltagarna har ett stort inflytande över agendan på SI-passen och att arbetet med att förstå utmanande kursmaterial bedrivs genom arbete och diskussion i grupp. SI-ledaren ser till att arbetet gårframåt genom att ställa frågor och uppmuntrar deltagarna att dela med sig av sina kunskaper till varandra.Studenternas drivkraft att gå på SI-passen är i huvudsak meningsorienterad genom att de vill få en bättre förståelse av ämnet och för att det är roligt att diskutera kursinnehåll med kurskamrater. Vad ger då deltagande på SI för närvarande studenter? Jämförelser av närvaro på SI och genomströmning på SI-stödd kurs antyder att chanserna att klara kursen vid ordinarie examination(er) ökar med ökad SI-närvaro. Deltagande studenter upplever dessutom i stor utsträckning att SI leder till att de bättre förstår vad som förväntas av dem i kursen, är ett effektivt stöd att ta sig fram i kursen, ökar intresset för ämnet och ger dem en djupare förståelse av kursinnehållet. Dessutom anser en stor andel av deltagarna att de utvecklar generella färdigheter såsom problemlösning, kritiskt tänkande, lagarbete och presentation av akademiskt material införandra. En betydande del av SI-deltagarna anger att de åtminstone till viss del utvecklar sitt sätt att studera och förbättrar sitt akademiska självförtroende. Lite mer än en fjärdedel av de svarande på enkäten anser att SI varit viktigt för att skaffa studiekamrater, vilket kan vara mycket betydelsefullt för att känna tillhörighet inom akademien och ge ytterligare motivation till fortsatta högre studier.De dominerande svarsteman på öppna enkätfrågor rörande vad som är bäst med SI samt vad som skiljer SI-pass från ordinarie undervisning är desamma för bägge frågorna. Det handlar om att deltagarna uppskattar diskussionen/samarbetet samt atmosfären och arbetsmiljön på passen. Vidare gillar studenterna fokus på djupare förståelse av kursinnehållet. På frågan vad man tycker kan förbättras med SI-passen anser en del av deltagarna att strukturen på passet ibland kan vara tydligare och att arbetet under passen ibland kan kännas ineffektivt.Det är roligt att konstatera att de allra flesta SI-ledarna trivs i sin roll, känner sig nöjda med sitt jobb och upplever att de gör skillnad för sina deltagare, baserat på deras enkätsvar. Dessutom utvecklar de i hög grad i olika färdigheter som kommunikation, grupphantering och ledarskap.
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| 8. |
- Wilson, Johannes, 1996-, et al.
(författare)
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Extending the Authentication Hierarchy with One-Way Agreement
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2023 IEEE 36th Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF). - Los Alamitos, CA, USA : IEEE Computer Society. - 9798350321920 - 9798350321937 ; , s. 214-228
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Providing authenticated interactions is a key responsibility of most cryptographic protocols. When designing new protocols with strict security requirements it is therefore essential to formally verify that they fulfil appropriate authentication properties. We identify a gap in the case of protocols with unilateral (one-way) authentication, where existing properties are poorly adapted. In existing work, there is a preference for defining strong authentication properties, which is good in many cases but not universally applicable. In this work we make the case for weaker authentication properties. In particular, we investigate one-way authentication and extend Lowe's authentication hierarchy with two such properties. We formally prove the relationship between the added and existing properties. Moreover, we demonstrate the usefulness of the added properties in a case study on remote attestation protocols. This work complements earlier work with additional generic properties that support formal verification of a wider set of protocol types.
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| 9. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
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A study in de-iconization : phonological and morphological adaptations of Indo-European bird names
- 2022
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Ingår i: ; , s. 38-38
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bird names are very important and interesting when it comes to studying iconicity. In particular, words naming birds with a distinct call, such as crow, raven, cuckoo, owl, and eagle, typically emerge by direct imitation. Initially, the name of the bird in languages mimic the sound of the bird’s call (Marttila 2011). However, over time, the sound structure of the name of the bird often becomes subdued to phonological change, leading to an interesting dichotomy: previous iconic forms of the bird’s name may exist in a language parallel to a renewed form, more similar to the bird’s call. This is an interesting example of de-iconization (Flaksman 2017), which has interested linguists for a long time (Carling and Johansson 2014; Jespersen 1922). Another aspect of the de-iconization is the morphological adaptation of the lexemes: the more they de-iconize, the more they become adapted to the morphological system of the language. We will look more carefully at bird names for crow, raven, cuckoo, owl, goose, and eagle in several Indo-European branches, including Germanic, Italic, Indo-Aryan, and Tocharian, compiling a dataset of (IPA-coded) sound structures, sound changes and morphological adaptations, demonstrating how these birds’ names in languages may follow or deviate from phonological conditions synchronically and in the prehistory of the branches. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate that iconicity has a capacity, with certain meanings, to alter the regular conditions for sound change. Besides dealing with the theoretical preconditions for iconicity in relation to regular sound change, we will measure how the different forms variate phonologically and morphologically with respect to the different birds.Carling, Gerd and Johansson, Niklas (2014), 'Motivated language change: processes involved in the growth and conventionalization of onomatopoeia and sound symbolism', Acta Linguistica Hafniensia, 46 (2), 199-217.Flaksman, Maria (2017), 'Iconic treadmill hypothesis', in Matthias Bauer Angelika Zirker, Olga Fischer, Christina Ljungberg (ed.), Dimensions of Iconicity. Iconicity in Language and Literature 15 (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), 15-38.Jespersen, Otto (1922), Language: its nature, development and origin (London: Allen & Unwin).Marttila, Annu (2011), A cross-linguistic study of lexical iconicity and its manifestation in bird names (Muenchen: LINCOM Europa).
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| 10. |
- Erben Johansson, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Vocal iconicity in nominal classification
- 2022
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Ingår i: Language and Cognition. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1866-9859 .- 1866-9808. ; , s. 1-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While recent years have seen a substantial increase of studies investigating vocal iconicity in the lexicon of spoken languages, its presence in grammatical structures is poorly understood. This study investigates the presence of vocal iconicity in nominal classification systems by collecting nominal classification devices from the two main system types: 210 non-agreeing languages (126 families) and 151 agreeing languages (123 families). To detect overrepresentations of sound types in class meanings, the nominal classification devices were grouped according to comparable semantic categories, transcribed using comparable phonetic system, and analyzed through Bayesian mixed models. The strongest results were found for associations between nominal classification devices denoting flat and low, front, unrounded vowels, along with several weak associations relating to shape/size/quantity, function, humanness/animacy, and sex. These associations mostly correlate with previous vocal iconicity findings, but crucially, the involved nominal classification devices are mostly semantically typical for non-agreeing, for example, classifier, systems. These findings were attributed to structural differences between nominal classification system types, which result from grammaticalization processes, for example, phonetic erosion and semantic bleaching. Thus, increased formal predictability through grammatical agreement comes at a cost of semantic transparency which, in turn, dismantles the semantic prerequisites needed for vocal iconic associations to be operational.
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