| 1. |
- Nohrstedt, Stig Arne, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Obstacles for critical journalism in the security policy sector : Revisiting peace journalism
- 2022
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Ingår i: Insights on Peace and Conflict Reporting. - London : Routledge. - 9780367859008 - 9781003015628 ; , s. 32-49
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- War and conflict journalism is today facing worse problems than ever because of a context that lacks clear contours, but involves greater uncertainty and risks than in previous eras, and challenges the theoretical and analytical perspectives that have existed since at least a century - if not ever since the 17th century. It is even uncertain whether the distinction between war and peace is meaningful to apply to the security problems facing the international community in the present. And then, previous research on war and peace journalism might be almost obsolete?The historical changes that lie behind are mainly about globalization, the international dominance of the neo-liberal economy and the emergence of a threat-society that may develop into a hate-society. In the area of security policy, the implications have, as Mary Kaldor has shown, been the retreat of the geopolitical security-culture in favor of hybrids between the competing security-cultures, i.e. new wars, liberal peace and the war on terrorism. International law with its conceptual and institutional base in geopolitics is no longer maintained, neither fully respected by any side in the war on terrorism. The distinction civil - military has lost in importance and, instead of territorial conflicts, the conflicts are now about controlling populations, according to Kaldor's important analysis.USA’s and her allies’ “war on terrorism” has resulted in “the deadliest and most diversified expression of the global uncertainty of today” (Kaldor 2018) as a hybrid together with new wars and geopolitics. The destabilization of the Middle East region in illegal wars and regime change in countries like Iraq and Libya has in all practical terms created failed states and a failed region. The on-going battle for hegemony and interference by Russia and Western countries in Syria has created flows of refugee and caused a threat not only to the stability in the Middle East, but in Africa, Central Asia and in Europe as well. The media seems unable to deal with such complex issues in a comprehensive and critical manner.For journalism, these fundamental changes pose huge challenges and dangers. Not only intellectual and cognitive difficulties arise in the wake of the hybrid culture's metamorphoses. Without the protection of international law, media and journalists are inevitably, and in fact irrespective of their own intentions, part of the warfare. Journalism is martialized at the same time as the conflicts are mediatized. When domination does not focus on territories but on bio-political control of the populations, journalists end up in the centre of the battle, as the contested terrain is the general public’s perceptions, positions and actions in the conflicts.
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| 2. |
- Nohrstedt, Stig Arne, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable War Journalism and International Public Law
- 2017
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Ingår i: What is Sustainable Journalism?. - New York : Peter Lang Publishing Group. - 9781433134401 ; , s. 199-217
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The new wars is a challange for journalism and the chapter reports studies of media coverage of wars from the Gulf War 1990-91 until the Syrian war 2011-. Focus is on the lack of proper attention to the legal aspects of the warfare in relation to international public law. In the conclusions general lessons for improving the sustainability of war journalism are presented.
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| 3. |
- Ezz El Din, Mahitab, 1972-
(författare)
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Beyond Orientalism and Occidentalism : Identity constructions in Arab and Western news media
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study examines how the media construct the identities of the Other by creating various ‘us’ versus ‘them’ positions (Othering) when covering non-violence-based intercultural conflicts in Arab and Western news media. Othering in this study is understood as an umbrella concept that in general terms refers to the discursive process of constructing and positioning the Self and the Other into separate identities of an ‘us’ and a ‘them.’This process is analysed using a mixed method approach. A content analysis is used to map the data, and then a closer examination of the discourse is conducted using a qualitative approach inspired by critical discourse analysis. Two empirical studies are conducted based on this analysis: 1) the case of the Swedish newspaper Nerikes Allehanda’s publication of caricatures of the Prophet Mohamed in 2007 and 2) the media coverage of the headscarf ban in French state schools in 2004. This study also employs Galtung’s Peace Journalism model as a frame of reference in the conclusions to discuss how this model could contribute, if applied in journalistic texts, to more balanced constructions of intercultural conflicts.The results show that Othering is a central discursive practice that is commonly adopted in both Arab and Western media coverage of non-violent intercultural conflicts, but it appears in different forms. Many of the previous studies have devoted considerable attention to rather conventional dichotomous constructions of Eastern and Western Others. The present study, in contrast, brings to the fore more non-conventional constructions and, while recognizing the occurrence of the conventional constructions, goes beyond these binary oppositions of ‘us’ and ‘them’. Variations in the types of identity constructions found in my study can be attributed to the mode of the article, the actors/voices included, the media affiliations and the topic and its overall contextualization.The different types of identity constructions in the media coverage may bring about a less black and white understanding of an event and help bring forth a more nuanced picture of what is going on and who is doing what in a conflict situation. Their occurrence in the media can possibly be linked to a new vision of a global society that does not necessarily constitute homogenous groups with the same characteristics, but rather is more consistent with a hybrid identity.This research is timely, as with the recent arrival of large groups of migrants from the Middle East, the ‘fear of Islam,’ and the right wing propaganda regarding Muslims as a threat is increasing. Islamophobia can be seen as a new form of racism used by elites to serve particular agendas. If media practitioners applied a more critical awareness in their writings so as not to reproduce culturally rooted stereotypes, which can inflame conflicts between people and nations, we might see less hostility against migrants and achieve a less racist world.
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| 4. |
- Nohrstedt, Stig Arne, 1946-
(författare)
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The Role of the Media in the Discursive Construction of Wars
- 2016
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Ingår i: The handbook of international crisis communication research. - Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons. - 9781118516768 ; , s. 135-144
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chapter identifies some general trends in war journalism since the Gulf War 1990 til the Syrian War 2011 and relate them to the theory of a Threat Society in late-modernity. That war journalism has become an increasingly dangerous profession is one of these trajectories.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Nohrstedt, Stig Arne, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Peace journalism : a proposition for conceptual and methodological improvements
- 2015
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Ingår i: Global Media and Communication. - London : Sage Publications. - 1742-7665 .- 1742-7673. ; 11:3, s. 219-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The peace journalism (PJ) field now has an appreciable amount of published material to show for its first decade of serious operation, in research, teaching and training alike. It amounts to a serious project to reform professional education programmes in journalism. But so far, the proposed remedies are more individual projects than coordinated and organized reforms; they are scattered geographically and do not have a global scope. This article discusses the need for a joint approach together with universities, colleges, training institutes and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and inter-governmental organizations, if PJ is to contribute to establishing journalism as an important factor in international norm-setting and to raise the profession’s ethical standards with regard to violent conflicts. To enable this, further conceptual development is also necessary. A combination of Johan Galtung’s PJ approach, with insights from critical discourse analysis (CDA), offers a way of managing the demand for contextual reflexivity that has been raised in the debate about PJ. CDA offers an opportunity to address war and peace issues in a more comprehensive manner, integrating analysis of the propaganda discourses during peacetime, underestimated by Galtung in his model.
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| 7. |
- Al-saqaf, Walid, 1973-
(författare)
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Breaking digital firewalls : analyzing internet censorship and circumvention in the arab world
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation explores the role of Internet censorship and circumvention in the Arab world as well as Arabs’ views on the limits to free speech on the Internet.The project involves the creation of an Internet censorship circumvention tool named Alkasir that allows users to report and access certain types of censored websites. The study covers the Arab world at large with special focus on Egypt, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen.This work is of interdisciplinary nature and draws on the disciplines of media and communication studies and computer science. It uses a pioneering experimental approach by placing Alkasir in the hands of willing users who automatically feed a server with data about usage patterns without storing any of their personal information.In addition to the analysis of Alkasir usage data, Web surveys were used to learn about any technical and nontechnical Internet censorship practices that Arab users and content producers may have been exposed to. The study also aims at learning about users’ experiences with circumvention tools and how such tools could be improved.The study found that users have successfully reported and accessed hundreds of censored social networking, news, dissident, multimedia and other websites. The survey results show that while most Arab informants disapprove censoring online anti-government political content, the majority support the censoring of other types of content such as pornography, hate speech, and anti-religion material.Most informants indicated that circumvention tools should be free of charge, fast and reliable. An increase in awareness among survey respondents of the need for privacy and anonymity features in circumvention solutions was observed.
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| 8. |
- Nohrstedt, Stig Arne, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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New wars, new media and new war journalism : professional and legal challenges in conflict reporting
- 2014
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this book, the authors discuss media coverage of major conflicts, from the Gulf War in 1990/91 to the NATO military operations in Libya in 2011 and the civil war in Syria. Through in-depth analysis of Norwegian and Swedish media coverage of the Kosovo conflict in 1999, the Afghanistan War from 2001, the Iraq War from 2003 as well as more recent conflicts, the authors claim that legal issues are poorly covered in the running news coverage of major conflicts. Underreporting of legal issues is especially problematic in relation to new forms of warfare involving extra-judicial killing by drones of targets in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen and Somalia. While historically Sweden and Norway have had different security policy orientations, the tendency is toward the two countries becoming more closely oriented through Nordic defense cooperation and participation in the wars in Afghanistan and Libya. The authors criticize mainstream media for under-communicating what security risks this support for the regime change strategies pursued by the US/NATO in the so-called ‘global war on terror’ implies for the Nordic countries. The book further discusses the challenges war and conflict reporting face when confronted with major security leaks through WikiLeaks and the classified information revealed by Edward Snowden. Theoretically, the findings are related to the theories of threat society, new wars and risk-transfer warfare as well as to Johan Galtung’s theory of war and peace journalism. Analyses are inspired by critical discourse analysis as elaborated in Norman Fairclough’s and Ruth Wodak’s works.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Linus, 1979-
(författare)
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Alternativ television : former av kritik i konstnärlig TV-produktion
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation analyses social critique, communication critique and aestheticalcritique in television produced by artists. Theoretically it draws on researchon alternative media, TV studies, especially genre analysis and narratology,and media aesthetics. It conducts a text-production study of three examplesof alternative television from the period 2004-2008: ContemporaryArt Center TV (CAC TV): A show produced by the CAC in Vilnius, Lithuaniaand aired on a commercial TV-channel; Good TV who aired video art ona local public access channel in Stockholm, Sweden; and Candyland TV, apirate transmission from an art gallery in central Stockholm.Empirically it builds on TV-texts, web sites and documents, as well asinterviews with participants. Through a study of form and stylistics, relationto conventional genres and modes of narration, it engages in a discussionabout the features of a critical, alternative media text.The study shows how these televisions work in a tradition of alternativetelevision and connects them to tactics and aesthetical forms as found inhistorical examples, but also how this type of formalist media critiquemight inform an understanding of alternative media. From the analysis ofrelations between social and formalist aspects of alternative television, adistinction between alternative as ”alternative worldview” and as ”alternativeexpressions” is suggested, a distinction that contributes to the developmentof theory in the study of alternative media.
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