| 1. |
- Kasimagwa, Ismail
(författare)
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A study of slag corrosion of oxides and oxide-carbon refractories during steel refining
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of ceramic material as refractories in the manufacturing industry is a common practice worldwide. During usage, for example in the production of steel, these materials do experience severe working conditions including high temperatures, low pressures and corrosive environments. This results in lowered service lives and high consumptions of these materials. This, in turn, affects the productivity of the whole steel plant and thereby the cost. In order to investigate how the service life can be improved, studies have been carried out for refractories used in the inner lining of the steel ladles. More specifically, from the slag zone, where the corrosion is most severe. By combining thermodynamic simulations, plant trails and post-mortem studies of the refractories after service, vital information about the behaviour of the slagline refractories during steel refining and the causes of the accelerated wear in this ladle area has been achieved. The results from these studies show that the wear of the slagline refractories of the ladle is initiated at the preheating station, through reduction-oxidation reactions. The degree of the decarburization process is mostly dependent on the preheating fuel or the environment. For refractories without antioxidants, refractory decarburization is slower when coal gas is used in ladle preheating than when a mixture of oil and air is used. In addition, ladle preheating of the refractories without antioxidants leads to direct wear of the slagline refractories. This is due to the total loss of the matrix strength, which results in a sand-like product. Thermal chemical changes that take place in the slagline refractories are due to the MgO-C reaction as well as the formation of liquid phases from impurity oxides. In addition, the decrease in the system pressure during steel refining makes the MgO-C reaction take place at the steel refining temperatures. This reduces the refractory’s resistance to corrosion. This is a serious problem for both the magnesia-carbon and dolomite-carbon refractories. The studies of the reactions between the slagline refractories and the different slag compositions showed that slags rich in iron oxide lead mostly to the oxidation of carbon/graphite in the carbon-containing refractories. This leads to an increased porosity and wettability and therefore an enhanced penetration of slag into the refractory structure. If the slag contains high contents of alumina and or silica (such as the steel refining slag), reactions between the slag components and the dolomite-carbon refractory are promoted. This leads to the formation of low-temperature melting phases such as calcium-aluminates and silicates. The state of these reaction products during steel refining leads to an accelerated wear of the dolomite-carbon refractory. The main products of the reactions between the magnesia-carbon refractory and the steel refining slag are MgAl2O4 spinels, and calcium-aluminates, and silicates. Due to the good refractory properties of MgAl2O4 spinels, the slag corrosion resistance of the magnesiacarbon refractory is promoted.
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| 2. |
- Memarpour, Arashk
(författare)
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A study on the Submerged Entry Nozzels (SEN) respecting clogging and decarburization
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The submerged entry nozzle (SEN) has been used to transport the molten steel from tundish to the mould. The main purpose of the SEN usage is both to prevent oxygen and nitrogen pick-up by molten steel and to achieve the desired flow condition in the mould. Therefore, the SEN can be considered as a vital factor for a stable casting process and the steel quality. Furthermore, the steelmaking processes occur at high temperatures around 1873 K so the interaction between the refractory materials of the SEN and molten steel is unavoidable. Therefore, the knowledge of the SEN behaviors during pre-heating and casting is necessary for the design of the steelmaking processes. The internal surfaces of modern SENs are coated with a glass/silicon powder layer to prevent the SEN graphite oxidation during pre-heating. The effects of the interaction between the coating layer and the SEN base refractory materials on clogging were studied in supplement 1. The results of the study indicated the penetration of the formed alkaline-rich glaze into the Alumina/graphite base refractory during pre-heating. More specifically, the alkaline-rich glaze reacts with graphite to form carbon monoxide gas. Thereafter, dissociation of CO at the SEN/molten metal interface takes place. This leads to reoxidation of dissolved REM (Rare Earth Metal), which form the “In Situ” REM oxides at the interface between the SEN and the REM alloyed molten steel. Also, the interaction of the penetrated glaze with alumina in the SEN base refractory materials leads to a formation of a high-viscous alumina-rich glaze during the SEN pre-heating process. This in turn, creates a very uneven surface at the SEN internal surface. The “In Situ” formation of the REM oxides together with the uneven internal surface of the SEN may facilitate the accumulation of the primary inclusions. Supplement 1 revealed the disadvantages of the glass/silicon powder layer. On the other hand the carbon oxidation is a main industrial problem for un-coated Alumina/Graphite Submerged Entry Nozzles (SEN) during pre-heating. This led to the proposal of a new refractory material for the SEN. In supplement 2, the effect of ZrSi2 antioxidant and the coexistence of antioxidant additive and (4B2O3 ·BaO) glass powder on carbon oxidation were investigated at simulated non-isothermal heating conditions in a controlled atmosphere. Also, the effect of ZrSi2 antioxidant on carbon oxidation was investigated at isothermal temperatures at 1473 K and 1773 K. The specimens’ weight losses and temperatures were plotted versus time and compared to each others. The thickness of the oxide areas were measured and also examined using XRD, FEG-SEM and EDS. The coexistence of 8 wt% ZrSi2 and 15 wt% (4B2O3 ·BaO) glass powder of the total alumina/Graphite base refractory materials, presented the most effective resistance to carbon oxidation. The 121% volume expansion due to the Zircon formation during heating and filling up the open pores by (4B2O3 ·BaO) glaze during green body sintering led to an excellent carbon oxidation resistance. In supplement 3, decarburization behaviors of Al2O3-C, ZrO2-C and MgO-C refractory materials constituting a commercial Submerged Entry Nozzle (SEN), have been investigated in different gas atmosphere consisting of CO2, O2 and Ar. The (CO2/O2) ratio values were kept the same as it is in propane combustion flue gas at Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) values equal to 1.5 and 1 for both Air-fuel and Oxygen-fuel combustions. Laboratory experiments were carried out non-isothermally in the temperature range 873 K to 1473 K at 15 K/min followed by isothermal heating at 1473 K for 60 min. The decarburization ratio (α) values of the three refractory types were determined by measuring the weight losses of the samples. The results showed that the decarburization ratio (α) values of the MgO-C refractory became 3.1 times higher for oxygen-fuel combustion compared to air-fuel combustion both at AFR equal to 1.5 in the temperature range 873 K to 1473 K. The decarburization ratio (α) values for Al2O3-C samples were the same as for the isothermal heating at 1473 K and non-isothermal heating in the temperature range 473 to 1773 K with a 15 K/min heating rate. It substantiates the SEN preheating advantage at higher temperatures for shorter holding times instead of heating at lower temperatures for longer holding times. Jander’s diffusion model was proposed for estimating the decarburization rate of Al2O3-C refractory in the SEN. The activation energy for Al2O3-C samples heated at AFR equal to 1.5, for air-fuel and oxygen-fuel combustions were found to be 84.5 KJ/mol and 95.5 KJ/mol respectively during non-isothermal heating in the temperature range 873 K to 1473 K.
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| 3. |
- Jansson, Sune, 1962-
(författare)
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A Study on the Influence of Steel, Slag or Gas on Refractory Reactions
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the production of steel the oxide inclusion content partly depends on the reaction of the melt with the furnace lining, the ladle lining and the pouring system. The refractory material may be eroded by the molten steel and slag as well as corroded through chemical reactions with the slag and molten steel and the deoxidation products. In this report the effects of revolution speed, temperature and steel composition on the rate of dissolution of commercial MgO-C refractory samples into Al-deoxidised molten steel and CaOAl2O3- SiO2-MgO slag were examined by the rotating cylinder method. The study also includes tests with slag were doloma refractory samples are examined by the same method. Cylinders of MgO-C refractory material were immersed in to steel that was deoxidised by adding metallic aluminium. This was carried out in the temperature range of 1873 to 1973C° and at rotational speeds of 100 to 800 rpm for different holding times. The experimental results show that the rate of dissolution of MgO-C refractory materials increased with the temperature, rotational speed and immersion time. This supports the assumption that the diffusion of magnesium through the slag boundary layer formed around the refractory samples would be the rate-determining step. Mass transfer coefficients calculated on the basis of experimental results are in good agreement with earlier published results for pure ceramics. A formation of a thin oxide layer at the interface was found. It is due the reaction between magnesium vapour and the CO generated by the reaction MgO and C in the refractory walls. The oxide inclusions formed in the steel have been shown to mainly consist of MgO, Al2O3 and a mixture of them. The rate of dissolution of solid MgO-C into liquid CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO slag at different temperatures was studied under conditions of forced convection by rotating cylindrical refractory specimens in a stationary crucible containing the molten slag similar to the MgO-C refractory/steel experiments. The corrosion rate was calculated from the change in diameter of the cylindrical specimens. The specimens were rotated for 15 to 120 minutes at speeds of 100 to 400 rpm in the molten slag. The rate of corrosion increased with temperature and with rotating speed of the rod and decreased when the slag was nearly saturated with MgO. The experimental results confirm the assumption that the diffusion of magnesium oxide through the slag phase boundary layer controls the corrosion process. The corrosion mechanism seems to be the dissolution of elements in the refractory materials into the slag, followed by penetration into the pores and grain boundaries. Finally, grains are loosened from the refractory into the slag. The investigation of doloma and doloma-carbon showed that the dissolution of magnesia into the slag was determining the corrosion rate. As for the other experiments, steel/MgO-C refractory and slag/MgO-C refractory, the corrosion rate was calculated from the change in diameter of the cylindrical specimens. The specimens were rotated for 15 to 120 minutes at speeds of 100 to 400 rpm in the molten slag. The results from the study showed that refractory materials that were impregnated with carbon had a much better slag resistance than the refractory that contained no carbon. This is due to the higher wetting angle between carbon and slag. Corrosion of MgO-C refractories in different gas atmospheres consisting of air, Ar, CO or Ar/CO was also studied. Experiments were carried out in the temperature range 1173 K to 1773 K and for holding times between 2 to 120 min. The reaction rate of the MgO-C material was determined from measurements of the weight loss of the samples. The results showed that the refractory weight loss increased with an increased temperature or an increased holding time. The thermodynamic conditions and the experimental results show that magnesium gas and carbon monoxide gas should form during ladle refining of steel when the refractory material consists of MgO-C.
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| 4. |
- Jansson, Sune, et al.
(författare)
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Corrosion mechanism of commercial doloma refractories in contact with CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO slag
- 2008
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Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking. - 0301-9233 .- 1743-2812. ; 35:2, s. 99-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dissolution of three doloma based refractories in liquid CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO slag was studied. Cylindrical refractory specimens of doloma, carbon bonded doloma, and magnesia doloma were rotated in a stationary crucible of molten slag under forced convection conditions. Slag composition, temperature, rod rotation speed and rod immersion time were varied. The refractory dissolution rate was determined from the change in diameter of the cylindrical specimens. The corrosion rate was found to increase with temperature and rod rotation speed and decrease when the slag was nearly saturated with MgO. The findings of the study substantiate the assumption that the diffusion of magnesium oxide through the slag boundary layer controls the corrosion process. The results indicated the overall corrosion process to be the dissolution of refractory material into the slag, followed by slag penetration of the pores and grain boundaries and finally, dispersion of the grains into the slag.
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| 5. |
- Jansson, Sune, et al.
(författare)
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Corrosion mechanism of commercial MgO-C refractories in contact with different gas atmospheres
- 2008
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Ingår i: ISIJ International. - : Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. - 0915-1559 .- 1347-5460. ; 48:6, s. 760-767
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Corrosion of MgO-C refractories in different gas atmospheres consisting of air, Ar, CO or Ar/CO was studied in laboratory experiments. In total, 103 experiments were carried out in the temperature range 1 173 to 1 773 K and for holding times between 2 to 120 min. The reaction rate of the MgO-C material was determined from measurements of the weight loss of the samples. The results showed that the refractory weight loss increased with an increased temperature or an increased holding time. The thermodynamic conditions and the experimental results showed that magnesium gas and carbon monoxide gas should form during ladle refining of steel when the refractory material consists of MgO-C. It was suggested that the reaction rate is directly dependent on the oxygen potential in the ambient atmosphere.
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| 6. |
- Jansson, Sune, et al.
(författare)
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Magnesia-carbon refractory dissolution in Al killed low carbon steel
- 2006
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Ingår i: Ironmaking & steelmaking. - 0301-9233 .- 1743-2812. ; 33:5, s. 389-397
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of rotation speed, steel temperature and steel composition on the rate of dissolution of MgO-C refractory into Al deoxidised molten steel were investigated using the rotating cylinder method. Cylinders or rods of MgO-C refractory material were immersed in an Al deoxidised molten steel. Experiments were performed for steel temperatures between 1873 and 1973 K and rotation speeds between 100 and 800 rev min(-1) as well as for different immersion times. For each case, the dissolution rate of MgO-C material was determined from measurement of the decrease in the rod radius. The experimental results showed that the dissolution rate of the MgO-C refractory material increased with an increase in steel temperature and rotation speed. The findings strongly suggest the diffusion of magnesium through the slag layer formed around the refractory rods to be a rate determining step. This thin oxide layer at the steel/refractory interface was found to be owing to reaction between magnesium vapour and CO generated by the reaction between MgO and C in the refractory. Oxide inclusions were also found in the steel melt and they were shown to mainly consist of MgO and Al2O3 or a mixture of the two.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Jansson, Sune, et al.
(författare)
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Corrosion mechanism and kinetic behaviour of MgO-C refractory material in contact with CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO slag
- 2005
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of metallurgy. - : Wiley. - 0371-0459 .- 1600-0692. ; 34:5, s. 283-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rate of dissolution of solid MgO-C into liquid CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO slag at different temperatures was studied under conditions of forced convection by rotating cylindrical refractory specimens in a stationary crucible containing molten slag. The corrosion rate was calculated from the change in diameter of the cylindrical refractory specimens. The specimens were rotated for 15-120 min at a speed of 100-400 rpm in the molten slag. The rate of corrosion was found to increase with an increase in temperature and rod rotation speed, and to decrease when the slag was nearly saturated with MgO. The experimental results support the assumption that the diffusion of magnesium oxide through the slag-phase boundary layer controls the corrosion process. The corrosion mechanism seems to be the dissolution of refractory material into the slag followed by penetration of pores and grain boundaries and dispersion of the grains into the slag.
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