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- Fuchs, Judith, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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The first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial genes
- 2009
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Ingår i: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. ; 52, s. 225-233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bryozoa is one of the most puzzling phyla in the animal kingdom and little is known about their evolutionary history. Its phylogenetic position among the Metazoa remains unsettled, as well as its intra-phylum relationships. Here, we present the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Bryozoa based on the mitochondrial gene COI and two nuclear genes 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA including 32 species from 23 families. We show that the monophyletic status is supported for the phylum as well as for previously defined bryozoan classes. The 28S rDNA supports a close relationship of Phylactolaemata and Stenolaemata, while partial COI and 18S rDNA show the freshwater Phylactolaemata as basal bryozoans. The Gymnolaemata have generally been divided into soft-bodied forms (Ctenostomata) and hard-bodied species (Cheilostomata). In our analyses all three genes conflict with this assumption and show hard body forms having evolved within Gymnolaemata several times.
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| 6. |
- Sundberg, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Character-matrix based descriptions of two new nemertean (Nemertea) species
- 2009
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Ingår i: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4082 .- 1096-3642. ; 157, s. 264-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) have traditionally been described and classified based on a combination of internal and external morphological characters. The extent, and wealth of details, of these descriptions vary both over time and amongst authors. In addition, definitions of characters and character states are in many cases vague, causing problems both for identification and in phylogenetic analyses. Here, we suggest a system of describing nemerteans based on a list of characters and their states with the actual description in the form of a vector of character state symbols. We argue that this system makes it easier for other systematists to extract the necessary characters/character states for comparative and phylogenetic analyses. The proposed list of characters can also act as a checklist for nemertean description, whereby hopefully ambiguities (such as does the nonmentioning of a character actually mean ‘missing’ or just not looked for) can be avoided in the future. We describe two new species and one new genus Carinina ochracea sp. nov. and Raygibsonia bergi gen. et sp. nov. using this concept in combination with molecular analyses based on 18S and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) DNA sequences.
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| 9. |
- Alström, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes)
- 2008
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Ingår i: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. - : Elsevier BV. - 1055-7903 .- 1095-9513. ; 47:3, s. 960-973
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phylogeny of the avian genus Emberiza and the monotypic genera Latoucheornis, Melophus and Miliaria (collectively the Old World Emberizini), as well as representatives for the New World Emberizini, the circumpolar genera Calcarius and Plectrophertax and the four other generally recognized tribes in the subfamily Emberizinae was estimated based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and introns 6-7 of the nuclear ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene. Our results support monophyly of the Old World Emberizini, but do not corroborate a sister relationship to the New World Emberizini. Calcarius and Plectrophenax form a clade separated from the other Emberizini. This agrees with previous studies, and we recommend the use of the name Calcariini. Latoucheornis, Melophus and Miliaria are nested within Emberiza, and we therefore propose they be synonymized with Emberiza. Emberiza is divided into four main clades, whose relative positions are uncertain, although a sister relation between a clade with six African species and one comprising the rest of the species (30, all Palearctic) is most likely. Most clades agree with traditional, morphology-based, classifications. However, four sister relationships within Emberiza, three of which involve the previously recognized Latoucheornis, Melophus and Miliaria, are unpredicted, and reveal cases of strong morphological divergence. In contrast, the plumage similarity between adult male Emberiza (formerly Latoucheornis) siemsseni and the nominate subspecies of the New World Junco hyemalis is shown to be the result of parallel evolution. A further case of parallel plumage evolution, between African and Eurasian taxa, is pointed out. Two cases of discordance between the mitochondrial and nuclear data with respect to branch lengths and genetic divergences are considered to be the result of introgressive hybridization.
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| 10. |
- Alström, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Species delimitation based on multiple criteria : the Spotted Bush Warbler Bradypterus thoracicus complex (Aves : Megaluridae)
- 2008
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Ingår i: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4082 .- 1096-3642. ; 154:2, s. 291-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate the importance of using multiple criteria in species delimitations, whatever the conceptual base for species delimitation. We do this by studying plumage, biometrics, egg coloration, song, mitochondrial DNA and habitat/altitudinal distribution in the Spotted Bush Warbler Bradypterus thoracicus (Blyth) complex, and by conducting playback experiments. Taxa that we suggest are best treated as separate species [B. thoracicus (Blyth), B. davidi (La Touche) and B. kashmirensis (Sushkin)] differ in most or all of these aspects, particularly in song and mitochondrial DNA, while those that we treat as subspecies (suschkini) or synonyms (przevalskii) differ slightly and only in morphology.
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