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| 2. |
- Biagioni, Cristian, et al.
(författare)
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Crystal chemistry of sulfates from the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). V. Scordariite, K8(Fe3+0.67ο0.33)[Fe3+3O(SO4)6(H2O)3)]2(H2O)11 , a new metavoltine-related mineral
- 2019
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Ingår i: Minerals. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-163X. ; 9:11, s. 1-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The new mineral species scordariite, K8(Fe3+0.67□0.33)[Fe3+3O(SO4)6(H2O)3]2(H2O)11, was discovered in the Monte Arsiccio mine, Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy. It occurs as pseudo-hexagonal tabular crystals, yellowish to brownish in color, up to 0.5 mm in size. Cleavage is perfect on {0001}. It is associated with giacovazzoite, krausite, gypsum, jarosite, alum-(K), and magnanelliite. Electron microprobe analyses give (wt %): SO3 47.31, Al2O3 0.66, Fe2O3 24.68, FeO 0.69, Na2O 0.52, K2O 17.36, H2Ocalc 15.06, total 106.28. The partitioning of Fe between Fe2+ and Fe3+ was based on Mössbauer spectroscopy. On the basis of 67 O atoms per formula unit, the empirical chemical formula is (K7.50Na0.34)Σ7.84(Fe3+6.29Al0.26Fe2+0.20)Σ6.75S12.02O50·17H2O. The ideal end-member formula can be written as K8(Fe3+0.67□0.33)[Fe3+3O(SO4)6(H2O)3]2(H2O)11. Scordariite is trigonal, space group R-3, with (hexagonal setting) a = 9.7583(12), c = 53.687(7) Å, V = 4427.4(12) Å3, Z = 3. The main diffraction lines of the observed X-ray powder pattern are [d(in Å), estimated visual intensity]: 8.3, strong; 6.6, medium; 3.777, medium; 3.299, medium; 3.189, medium; 2.884, strong. The crystal structure of scordariite has been refined using X-ray single-crystal data to a final R1 = 0.057 on the basis of 1980 reflections with Fo > 4σ(Fo) and 165 refined parameters. It can be described as a layered structure formed by three kinds of layers. As with other metavoltine-related minerals, scordariite is characterized by the occurrence of the [Fe3+3O(SO4)6(H2O)3]5− heteropolyhedral cluster.
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| 4. |
- Bosi, Ferdinando, et al.
(författare)
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On the application of the IMA-CNMNC dominant-valency rule to complex mineral compositions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Mineralogical magazine. - : Mineralogical Society. - 0026-461X .- 1471-8022. ; 83:5, s. 627-632
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mineral species should be identified by an end-member formula and by using the dominant-valency rule as recommended by the IMA–CNMNC. However, the dominant-end-member approach has also been used in the literature. These two approaches generally converge, but for some intermediate compositions, significant differences between the dominant-valency rule and the dominant end-member approach can be observed. As demonstrated for garnet-supergroup minerals, for example, the end-member approach is ambiguous, as end-member proportions strongly depend on the calculation sequence. For this reason, the IMA–CNMNC strongly recommends the use of the dominant-valency rule for mineral nomenclature, because it alone may lead to unambiguous mineral identification. Although the simple application of the dominant-valency rule is successful for the identification of many mineral compositions, sometimes it leads to unbalanced end-member formulae, due to the occurrence of a coupled heterovalent substitution at two sites along with a heterovalent substitution at a single site. In these cases, it may be useful to use the site-total-charge approach to identify the dominant root-charge arrangement on which to apply the dominant-constituent rule. The dominant-valency rule and the site-totalcharge approach may be considered two procedures complementary to each other for mineral identification. Their critical point is to find the most appropriate root-charge and atomic arrangements consistent with the overriding condition dictated by the end-member formula. These procedures were approved by the IMA−CNMNC in May 2019.
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| 11. |
- Bosi, Ferdinando, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental cation redistribution in the tourmaline lucchesiite, CaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O
- 2018
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Ingår i: Physics and chemistry of minerals. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0342-1791 .- 1432-2021. ; 45:7, s. 621-632
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Natural Mg-rich lucchesiite was thermally treated in air and hydrogen atmosphere up to 800 °C to study potential changes in Fe-, Mg- and Al ordering over the octahedrally coordinated Y- and Z -sites, and to explore possible applications to intracrystalline geothermometry based on tourmaline. Overall, the experimental data (structural refinement, Mössbauer, infrared and optical absorption spectroscopy) show that thermal treatment of lucchesiite results in an increase of Fetot contents at Z balanced by an increase of Mg and Al at Y . This process is accompanied by a significant deprotonation of the O3 anion site. The Fe order–disorder reaction depends more on temperature, than on redox conditions. During heat treatment in H2 ,reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ was not observed despite strongly reducing conditions, indicating that the fO2 conditions do not exclusively control the Fe oxidation state at the present experimental conditions. On the basis of this and previous studies, the intersite order–disorder process induced by thermal treatment indicates that Fe redistribution is an important factor for Fe–Mg–Al-exchange and is significant at temperatures around 800 °C. As a result, Fe–Mg–Al intersite order–disorder is sensitive to temperature variations, whereas geothermometers based solely on Mg–Al order–disorder appear insensitive and involve large uncertainties. The presented findings are important for interpretation of the post-crystallization history of both tourmaline and tourmaline host rocks, and indicate that successful tourmaline geothermometers may be developed by thermal calibration of the Fe-Mg–Al order–disorder reaction.
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| 12. |
- Bosi, Ferdinando, et al.
(författare)
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Late magmatic controls on the origin of schorlitic and foititic tourmalines from late-Variscan peraluminous granites of the Arbus pluton (SW Sardinia, Italy) : Crystal-chemical study and petrological constraints
- 2018
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Ingår i: Lithos. - : Elsevier BV. - 0024-4937 .- 1872-6143. ; 308-309, s. 395-411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tourmalines from the late-Variscan Arbus pluton (SW Sardinia) and its metamorphic aureole were structurally and chemically characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electron and nuclear microprobe analysis, Mössbauer, infrared and optical absorption spectroscopy, to elucidate their origin and relationships with the magmatic evolution during the pluton cooling stages. The Arbus pluton represents a peculiar shallow magmatic system, characterized by sekaninaite (Fe-cordierite)-bearing peraluminous granitoids, linked via AFC processes to gabbroic mantle-derived magmas. The Fe2+-Al-dominant tourmalines occur in: a) pegmatitic layers and pods, as prismatic crystals; b) greisenized rocks and spotted granophyric dikes, as clots or nests of fine-grained crystals in small miaroles locally forming orbicules; c) pegmatitic veins and pods close to the contacts within the metamorphic aureole. Structural formulae indicate that tourmaline in pegmatitic layers is schorl, whereas in greisenized rocks it ranges from schorl to fluor-schorl. Tourmalines in thermometamorphosed contact aureole are schorl, foitite and Mg-rich oxy-schorl. The main substitution is Na + Fe2+ ↔ □ + Al, which relates schorl to foitite. The homovalent substitution (OH) ↔ F at the O1 crystallographic site relates schorl to fluor-schorl, while the heterovalent substitution Fe2+ + (OH, F) ↔ Al + O relates schorl/fluor-schorl to oxy-schorl. Tourmaline crystallization in the Arbus pluton was promoted by volatile (B, F and H2O) enrichment, low oxygen fugacity and Fe2+ activity. The mineralogical evolutive trend is driven by decreasing temperature, as follows: sekaninaite + quartz → schorl + quartz → fluor-schorl + quartz → foitite + quartz. The schorl → foitite evolution represents a distinct trend towards (Al + □) increase and unit-cell volume decrease. These trends are typical of granitic magmas and consistent with Li-poor granitic melts, as supported by the absence of elbaite and other Li-minerals in the Arbus pluton. Tourmaline-bearing rocks reflect the petrogenetic significance of contribution from a metapelitic crustal component during the evolution of magmas in the middle-upper crust.
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| 13. |
- Gori, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Co2+-doped diopside: crystal structure and optical properties
- 2018
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Ingår i: Physics and chemistry of minerals. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0342-1791 .- 1432-2021. ; 45:5, s. 443-461
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Synthetic clinopyroxenes along the CaMgSi2O6– CaCoSi2O6 join were investigated by a combined chemical-structuralspectroscopic approach. Single crystals were synthesized by flux growth methods, both from Ca-saturated and Ca-deficient starting compositions. Single crystal structure refinements show that the incorporation of Co2+ at the octahedrally coordinated cation sites of diopside, increases the unit-cell as well as the M1 and the M2 polyhedral volumes. Spectroscopic investigations (UV–VIS–NIR) of the Ca-rich samples reveal three main optical absorption bands, i.e. 4T1g → 4T2g(F), 4T1g → 4A2g(F) and 4T1g → 4T1g(P) as expected for Co2+ at a six-coordinated site. The bands arising from the 4T1g → 4T2g(F) and the 4T1g → 4T1g(P) electronic transitions, are each split into two components, due to the distortions of the M1 polyhedron from ideal Oh- symmetry. In spectra of both types, a band in the NIR range at ca 5000 cm−1 is caused by the 4A2g → 4T1g(F) electronic transition in Co2+ in a cubic field in the M2 site. Furthermore, an additional component to a band system at 14,000 cm−1, due to electronic transitions in Co2+ at the M2 site, is recorded in absorption spectra of Ca-deficient samples. No variations in Dq and Racah B parameters for Co2+ at the M1 site in response to compositional changes, were demonstrated, suggesting complete relaxation of the M1 polyhedron within the CaMgSi2O6– CaCoSi2O6 solid solution.
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| 14. |
- Grew, Edward S., et al.
(författare)
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Fluor-elbaite, lepidolite and Ta–Nb oxides from a pegmatite of the 3000Ma Sinceni Pluton, Swaziland: evidence for lithium–cesium–tantalum (LCT) pegmatites in the Mesoarchean
- 2018
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Ingår i: European journal of mineralogy. - : Schweizerbart. - 0935-1221 .- 1617-4011. ; 30:2, s. 205-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mineral evolution is concerned with the timing of mineral occurrences, such as the earliest reported occurrences in the geologic record. Minerals containing essential Li have not been reported from rocks older than ca. 3000 Ma, thus the lithian tourmaline (fluor-elbaite) and mica (lepidolite) assemblage from a pegmatite near Zishineni associated with the ca. 3000Ma Sinceni Pluton presents unusual interest. Fluor-elbaite (0.75–0.98 F per formula unit) forms green crystals up to 50mm long. Spindle stage measurements give ω = 1.652(1), ε = 1.627(1) (589.3 nm). Optical absorption spectroscopy shows Fe and Mn are divalent; infra-red spectroscopy demonstrates the presence of Li and indicates the presence of (OH) at both the (OH) sites. Electron microprobe analysis of 330 points on several prisms, the largest of which is zoned in Fe and Ca, gives the following average and standard deviations in wt%: SiO2 37.29 (0.26), TiO2 0.05 (0.05), Al2O3 38.14 (0.35), Cr2O3 0 (0.02), MgO 0.02 (0.01), MnO 3.57 (0.25), FeO 2.48 (0.60), Na2O 2.48 (0.09), K2O 0.03 (0.12), CaO 0.77 (0.21), F 1.80 (0.11), Cl 0 (0.01) wt%. Nuclear reaction analyses gave Li2O 0.91 (0.04) and B2O3 10.55 (0.45). The empirical formula of fluor-elbaite was determined by integrating crystal-chemical data from electron microprobe analysis, nuclear reaction analysis, crystal structure refinement using X-ray diffraction, infra-red and optical absorption spectroscopy:X(□0.09Na0.77K0.01Ca0.13)Σ1.00 Y(□0.35Li0.59Mn2+0.49Fe2+0.33Al1.23Ti0.01)Σ3.00Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3O3(OH)3O1[F0.92(OH)0.08]Σ1.00. The crystal structure of fluor-elbaite was refined to statistical indices R1 for 1454 reflections ∼2% using MoKa X-ray intensity data. Structural data confirm the presence of significant vacancies at the Y site. Micas include lepidolite in flakes several millimeters across that are veined and overgrown by fine-grainedmuscovite. Silica and (FeO+MnO) increase, and Al decreases with F, all giving tight linear fits for both micas taken together, suggesting bothmicas can be regarded as interstratified muscovite and lithium mica consisting of 35.2 wt% masutomilite containing nearly equal amounts of Mn and Fe, 52.8 wt% polylithionite and 11.9 wt% trilithionite. Muscovite and lepidolite contain <0.2 wt% and 0.7–2.25 wt% Cs2O and 1.0–1.1 wt% and 1.4–1.5wt% Rb2O, respectively. Other minerals include spessartine (e.g., Sps93Alm4Grs3) in scattered grains up to 0.5mm across and monazite.Oxides occur sparsely in muscovite, rarely in lepidolite, as grains up to 11 mm long, including fluorcalciomicrolite, columbite-(Mn) withNb>Ta, hübnerite(?) and a possible Pb-bearing microlite (Ta>Nb). The oxides, together with the muscovite, are interpreted to be related to later hydrothermal reworking of the primary lepidolite–fluorelbaite assemblage. Given the 2990 ± 43MaRb–Sr isochron and 3074 ± 4Ma evaporation Pb–Pb ages reported for the Sinceni Pluton and Rb/Sr mineral ages ranging from 2906 ± 31Ma to 3072 ± 33Ma reported for the pegmatites, the fluor-elbaite–cesian lepidolite–fluorcalciomicrolite-bearing pegmatite is the first reported occurrence of a lithian tourmaline and lepidolite in the geologic record, as well as one of the two earliest known examples of the lithium–cesium–tantalum (LCT) family of pegmatites. The Sinceni magma is most plausibly derived from a metasedimentary source by intrusion of hot mantle melts into the crust from below, thereby indicating that a “mature” continental crust existed in the Kaapvaal craton at ca. 3000 Ma.
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| 21. |
- Perchiazzi, Natale, et al.
(författare)
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Gabrielsonite revisited: crystal-structure determination and redefinition of chemical formula
- 2018
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Ingår i: European journal of mineralogy. - : Schweizerbart. - 0935-1221 .- 1617-4011. ; 30:6, s. 1173-1180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A reinvestigation of gabrielsonite from the holotype specimen from Långban, central Sweden, using single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction, electron-microprobe techniques and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopies show that the mineral is an anhydrous Fe3+-bearing arsenite and not a hydrous Fe2+-bearing arsenate, as originally proposed. The revised ideal chemical formula of gabrielsonite is PbFe3(As3+O3)O. The mineral is related to the descloizite supergroup, but it differs through the valencies of the non-Pb cations Fe (M3+ vs. M2+) and As (3+ vs. 4+) and through lower coordination of Pb (4 vs. 7–8) and As (3 vs. 4). The redefinition of gabrielsonite (proposal 17-G) has been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association.
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| 22. |
- Biagion, Cristian, et al.
(författare)
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The crystal structure of turneaureite, Ca5(AsO4)3Cl, the arsenate analog of chlorapatite and its relationships with the arsenate apatites johnbaumite and svabite
- 2017
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Ingår i: American Mineralogist. - : Mineralogical Society of America. - 0003-004X .- 1945-3027. ; 102, s. 1981-1986
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The crystal structure of turneaureite, ideally Ca5(AsO4)3Cl, was studied using a specimen from the Brattfors mine, Nordmark, Värmland, Sweden, by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The structure was refinedto R1 = 0.017 on the basis of 716 unique reflectios with Fo > 4σ(Fo) in the P63/m space group, with unit-cell parameters a = 9.9218(3), c = 6.8638(2) Å, V = 585.16(4) Å3. The chemical composition of the sample, determined by electron-microprobe analysis, is (in wt%; average of 10 spot analyses): SO3 0.22, P2O5 0.20, V2O5 0.01, As2O5 51.76, SiO2 0.06, CaO 41.39, MnO 1.89, SrO 0.12, BaO 0.52, PbO 0.10, Na2O 0.02, F 0.32, Cl 2.56, H2Ocalc 0.58, O(≡F+Cl) –0.71, total 99.04. On the basis of 13 anions per formula unit, the empirical formula corresponds to (Ca4.82Mn0.17Ba0.02Sr0.01)∑5.02 (As2.94P0.02S0.02Si0.01)∑2.99O12[Cl0.47(OH)0.42F0.11]∑1.00.Turneaureite is topologically similar to the other members of the apatite supergroup: columns of face-sharing M1 polyhedra running along c are connected through TO4 tetrahedra with channels hosting M2 cations and X anions. Owing to its particular chemical composition, the studied turneaureite can be considered as a ternary calcium arsenate apatite; consequently it has several partially filledanion sites within the anion columns. Polarized single-crystal FTIR spectra of the studied sample indicate stronger hydrogen bonding and less diverse short-range atom arrangements around (OH) groups in turneaureite as compared to the related minerals johnbaumite and svabite. An accurate knowledge of the atomic arrangement of this apatite-remediation mineral represents an improvement in our understanding of minerals able to sequester and stabilize heavy metals such as arsenic in polluted areas.
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| 23. |
- Bosi, Ferdinando, et al.
(författare)
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Crystal-chemical aspects of the roméite group, A2Sb2O6Y, of the pyrochlore supergroup
- 2017
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Ingår i: Mineralogical magazine. - : Mineralogical Society. - 0026-461X .- 1471-8022. ; 81:6, s. 1287-1302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four specimens of the roméite-group minerals oxyplumboroméite and fluorcalcioroméite from the Långban Mn-Fe deposit in Central Sweden were structurally and chemically characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The data obtained and those on additional roméite samples from literature show that the main structural variations within the roméite group are related to variations in the content of Pb2+, which is incorporated into the roméite structure via the substitution Pb2+ → A2+ where A2+ = Ca, Mn and Sr. Additionally, the cation occupancy at the six-fold coordinated B site, which is associated with the heterovalent substitution BFe3+ + Y□ → BSb5+ + YO2–, can strongly affect structural parameters.Chemical formulae of the roméite minerals group are discussed. According to crystal-chemical information, the species associated with the name ‘kenoplumboroméite’, hydroxycalcioroméite and fluorcalcioroméite most closely approximate end-member compositions Pb2(SbFe3+)O6□, Ca2(Sb5+Ti)O6(OH) and (CaNa)Sb2O6F, respectively. However, in accord with pyrochlore nomenclature rules, their names correspond to multiple end-members and are best described by the general formulae: (Pb,#)2(Sb,#)2O6□, (Ca,#)2(Sb,#)2O6(OH) and (Ca,#)Sb2(O,#)6F, where ‘#’ indicates an unspecified charge-balancing chemical substituent, including vacancies.
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