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Sökning: L4X0:1402 1544 > (2005-2009) > Humaniora

  • Resultat 1-6 av 6
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1.
  • Johansson Falck, Marlene (författare)
  • Technology, Language and Thought : Extensions of Meaning in the English Lexicon
  • 2005
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In this thesis, the relationship between technological innovation and the development of language and thought is analysed. For this purpose, three different fields of technology are investigated: 1) the steam engine, 2) electricity, and 3) motor vehicles, roads and ways. They have all either played an extremely important part in people’s lives, or they are still essential to us. The overall aim is to find out in what ways these inventions and discoveries have helped people to develop abstract thinking and given speakers of English new possibilities to express themselves. Questions being asked are a) if the correlations in experience between the inventions and other domains have motivated new conceptual mappings? b) if the experiences that they provide people with may be used to re-experience certain conceptual mappings, and hence make them more deeply entrenched in people’s minds? and c) if the uses of them as cognitive tools have resulted in meaning extension in the English lexicon? The study is based on metaphoric and metonymic phrases collected from a number of different dictionaries. In the material a large number of metaphorical and metonymic expressions including terms connected to the inventions and discoveries that are part of this thesis are found. As is clear from the expressions, the steam engine, electricity, motor vehicles, roads and ways have all provided us with ample tools for structuring our thoughts, and for conveying our thoughts to others. Primarily, it seems to be the different functions of the discoveries and inventions, or the effects that they have on other objects that have motivated the mappings. In addition to analysing the cognitive role of the inventions that are part of this thesis, some general conclusions concerning the relationship between language, thought and world are suggested.
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2.
  • Borch, Daniel (författare)
  • Sång inom populärmusikgenrer
  • 2008
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This dissertation consists of five parts dealing with three areas; voice science, voice pedagogics and musical expression. The ultimate aim was to use the scientific analyzes of my vocal expression as a complement to a vocal teaching method that is applicable for the vocal ideals used in the popular music genres, considering also current scientific knowledge in the areas of physiology, acoustics and rehabilitation. Part I analyzes a classically trained singer's voice and some frequently used types of accompaniments as well as the voices of popular music singers. The results suggested that boosting the frequency range 3500 Hz in the popular music singer's monitor system could be beneficial. Part II analyzed how the vocal "Dist" ornament, commonly used by rock singers, is generated in my rock singer voice. A high-speed video recording combined with simultaneous voice source analysis revealed that this ornament was produced by adducting the supraglottal structures such that they were brought to vibration by the airstream. Part III analyzed the voice source and resonance characteristics when I was singing in the styles of rock, pop, soul and dance band. The results showed that the rock and dance band styles were opposite extremes, the rock style being closest to pressed phonation. Part IV, the pedagogical book, is an attempt to create a handbook for singers and singing teachers working or interested in the popular music genres. The content covers a wide range of aspects, from vocal warm up and voice massage to electronic equipment typically used by such singers. Part V is a CD meant to reflect my musical expression. The songs also exemplify some of the vocal styles and ornaments which I use in different popular music genres.
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3.
  • Ericsson, Lena Weman (författare)
  • "...världens skridskotystnad före Bach" : historiskt informerad uppförandepraxis ur ett kontextuellt musikontologiskt perspektiv, belyst genom en fallstudie av Sonat i E-dur, BWV 1035, av J S Bach
  • 2008
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The aim of the present study is to explore the so-called historically informed performance movement, which also is my own musical performance tradition, from a general perspective grounded in musical philosophy. The discussions concerning this performance tradition have been dominated by different subjects, such as musical works, authenticity, intention and interpretation. The study focuses on Western art music where the performance of the music, the sounding realisation, of a notated work is central. Therefore, the performance in connection with the abovementioned subjects is of prime interest. This more overarching theme gave rise to the following questions: What factors can be considered decisive for whether a performance is a historically informed performance or not? How can these factors be identified? Does this mean that there are instructions in the music that I, as a musician, must obey? What does my artistic freedom look like? Where can I find it? The path to tentative answers to these questions is taken via theoretical discussions and the application of the theory in method and analyses as well as in interpretation.The theoretical perspective of the study is based on contextual musical ontology. The scientific theoretical framework, emanating from this ontology, is formulated in the field of social constructionism.The performance can, through this perspective, be identified as an indispensable part of the musical work, which also implies that the notated work itself is not sufficient to identify the work. Further, the emphasis on the context's importance for the performance in order to allow the performance to be of the work in question implies the necessity of awareness of the context of the work. This concept is deepened in the study through the emphasis on the importance for the performance, in a broad perspective, of the historical as well as the contemporary socio-cultural context. For the work itself this means that the identity of the work is unstable, it is constantly changing, since the different performances of the work that are parts of the work can never be identical. The perspective is based on social constructivist theories about knowledge. With contextual musical ontology as a point of departure, a strategy is formulated concerning analysis and investigation of a musical work. This strategy focuses on the notation, the instrumentation, and historical performance conventions. These three parts interact with one another and in the study they are formulated as being inseparable from the performance of the work.The theoretical part of the study is followed by a case study in which a sonata by Johann Sebastian Bach is studied from the articulated theoretical perspective. The case study contains an investigative part and an interpretative part. The work's notation is always in focus in the investigative and descriptive part, with emphasis on the socio-cultural context connected to the notation. Through the sounding interpretations, the different performances, the final chapter results in a summary of the study as a whole.
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4.
  • Espinoza, Nicolas (författare)
  • Comparing values : essays on comparability, transitivity, and vagueness
  • 2008
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The primary aim of this thesis is to examine some of the arguments that have been leveled against the idea that all value bearing entities are comparable. A secondary aim is to investigate some putative properties of the relation ‘better than', especially transitivity and (to some degree) vagueness. Also, some of the consequences of accepting incomparability are investigated, both with regards to other value theoretical issues, such as the implications for monadic value predicates, and with regards to more applied issues, such as the comparison of risks. PAPER I is a critical examination of the so-called small-improvement argument for incomparability. It is demonstrated that the value structure this argument is able to distinguish is compatible not only with incomparability but also with a kind of evaluative indeterminacy that is distinct from incomparability. PAPER II argues that if the possibility of non-conventional value relations is granted it follows that some things that have value are neither good, bad, nor neutral. This counterintuitive conclusion is reached by combining two individually plausible analyses of value. PAPER III addresses the phenomenon of incomplete preferences. It is shown how it is possible to model incomplete preference orderings by means of probabilistic preferences, and how to reveal an agent's incomplete preference ordering within a behaviorist framework. PAPER IV examines another version of the small-improvement argument designed to establish the rationality of incomplete preferences. It is argued that while there might be reasons to believe each of the premises in this version, there is a conflict between these reasons. The conflict is such that we are not provided with a reason to believe the conjunction of the premises. And without support for the conjunction of the premises the small-improvement argument for incomparability fails. PAPER V defends the common sense claim that ‘better than' is transitive against the compelling counterexamples provided by Larry Temkin and Stuart Rachels. It is demonstrated that the contradiction that follows from accepting Temkin and Rachels' premises trades on the vagueness of ‘better than', and so does not warrant the rejection of transitivity, but rather the conclusion that ‘better than' is vague. PAPER VI applies the notions of incommensurability and incomparability to comparative risk analysis. It is argued that if risks are incommensurable, and thereby resistant to accurate comparisons in terms of severity, we cannot perform accurate and cost effective trade-offs between risks and their associated benefits
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5.
  • Söderholm, Kristina (författare)
  • Tekniken som problem och lösning : föroreningsmotstånd och teknikval i 1900-talets svenska pappersmassaindustri
  • 2005
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • With the advent of environmental issues in the public debate, historians world-wide have shown an increased interest in studying environmental issues. In this field of study, phenomena such as industrialisation, as well as economic and technological progress, have often been understood solely as the causes of environmental degradation with few attempts to examine the more complex features of the technology-environment relationship. In the late 1990s, though, scholars in the fields of history of technology, environmental history and business history extended the focus of historical studies on the internal and external dynamic processes that shape industrial production technologies with severe impacts on the natural environment. This study analyzes the technology choices confronting business enterprises, which have been exposed to public concerns and legal claims concerning their polluting activities. The ‘company-focus’ of the study permits an in-depth analysis of the relationship between industrial production technology and the environment. In this study we analyze in particular the underlying motives that induce a company to implement environmentally benign production technologies, as well as the process of technology choice and development at the company level. The technology choice process must however not only be understood as an internal ‘businesshistory’, but also as a process heavily dependent on a large number of economic, social, technological, legal and scientific factors. The analysis in this study builds on Nathan Rosenberg’s conception of technology choice and development. Rosenberg argues that decisions about the design of the production technology are made under incomplete information about technical solutions and their costs. This implies that technology choices are often characterized by the search for knowledge that enables the company to implement existing but not yet developed technical potentials, rather than a choice between ready-made technical solutions. Empirically the study focuses on the technology choices of two Swedish pulp and paper mills, which both were subjects to conflicts concerning their pollution into water and air. These conflicts include the one concerning Örebro paper mill, 1904-1911, and the more recent Värö mill conflict, 1964-1972. A comparison of these conflicts – from two distinctly different time periods – permits an analysis of how technology choice processes are affected by increased knowledge about the pollution problems as well as by advances in the production of technology. We find that given the industry’s collective interest in solving the pollution problems, the pulp and paper industry initiated a large number of cooperative research undertakings aimed at developing cleaner production methods during the 1950s and 1960s. Thus, while the Örebro paper mill was a pioneer in initiating cooperation with its competitors, the Värö mill could benefit from previous advances in knowledge and implement – more or less well established – technological solutions. The result of the study suggests therefore that industrial cooperation within the environmental field does not necessarily have to be initiated by public organizations and institutions, but can also emerge as the result of the initiatives of a single company. The fact that the Örebro and Värö mills both faced a negative public opinion concerning their polluting activities, imply that the respective technology choice processes were influenced by the interests and motives of the opinions. The complainants in the two conflicts legitimized their arguments and complaints by referring (implicitly or explicitly) to existing laws and regulations, and by engaging the relevant scientific expertise. The two companies also engaged scientific experts, largely in order to learn more about potential technical solutions to the pollution problem but also to confront the arguments of the complainants and their respective experts. In both cases this type of setting resulted in what the sociology of science literature calls ‘scienitific controversies’. The analysis in this study provides support for the notion that these types of controversies are characterized by arguments and deliberations that are largely based on values and attitudes rather than on (scientific) facts. The study also illustrates how the controversies motivated the complainants in the respective conflicts to reframe their arguments, and, for instance, express their concerns in more general and definitive terms. The technology choice processes of both mills are clear examples of the floating distinction between technology choice and technological development. The search for technical solutions was not cost-free, especially not for the Örebro mill, which even had to initiate basic scientific research to solve the problem of the sulphate odour. Both mills had in the past invested in a lot of technology-specific human and physical capital, and they therefore faced strong incentives to direct the environmental activities toward technical solutions that could make as much use of this capital as possible. For this reason, the actual measures implemented as a result of the conflicts (and the related legal verdicts) were largely ‘end-of-pipe’-oriented rather than characterized by ‘radical’ changes in the underlying pulp production processes. Interestingly, although 60 years lapsed between the two conflicts, the measures undertaken to combat the emissions at the two mills were remarkably similar.
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6.
  • Unander-Scharin, Åsa (författare)
  • Mänsklig mekanik och besjälade maskiner : koreografiska perspektiv på mänskliga kvaliteter i kroppars rörelse
  • 2008
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Idag kan vi fånga och skapa rörelse på sätt som tidigare inte varit möjligt. I datorn kan kropp, rum, tid och rörelse hanteras som separata element - delar som går att plocka isär och sätta samman på nya sätt. Med digital teknologi kan kroppens sensoriska och motoriska förmågor förlängas, förflyttas och förvandlas så att vi kan beröra och röra oss genom kroppar och objekt på avstånd. Kroppsligheten förändras när vi kan programmera rörelse och dansa genom en annan kropp än vår egen. I denna avhandling är forskningsfrågan: Hur kan digital teknologi användas i koreografiska verk och processer för att fånga mänskliga kvaliteter i kroppars rörelse? Forskningsprojektets teoretiska huvudspår är Don Ihdes experimentella postfenomenologi. Avhandlingen består av sju kapitel och en DVD med videoutsnitt från de koreografiska verken. Det första kapitlet är en inledning till avhandlingsarbetet. Nästa kapitel tar utgångspunkt i det koreografiska arbetet med att programmera en dansande industrirobot i verket Orfeus klagan och fångar upp frågeställningar som uppstått i arbetet med tidigare koreografiska verk. Det tredje kapitlet beskriver projektets teoretiska utgångspunkter och influenser. Därefter följer ett kapitel som beskriver arbetet med utställningen Navigation, forskningsprojektets första serie av interaktiva mekatroniska och virtuella dansare. Det femte kapitlet diskuterar utformandet av koreografiska metoder i arbetet med mänskliga dansarna i scenföreställningen Hybrid, väsen och labyrinter, som rör frågeställningar om att vara människa, djur eller maskin. Kapitel sex behandlar hur olika teorier, teknologier och koreografiska metoder kan bidra till att skifta mellan perspektiv som synliggör det mänskliga i kroppars rörelse som multistabilt fenomen. Aspekter som framträtt i avhandlingsarbetet samlas upp i kapitel sju i form av fyra Komprimerade klassiker, en serie koreografiska installationer varav en specifikt utformats för DVDn.
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  • Resultat 1-6 av 6

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