| 1. |
- Hammar, Henrik, 1970
(författare)
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Restaurant owners perceptions of effects of a smoking ban
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to analyze business owners' expected changes in turnover due to a general smoking ban in restaurants, bars and cafés in Sweden. This is accomplished using a survey mailed out to all 642 restaurants, bars, cafés and nightclubs in Gothenburg. The results show that the dependence on smoking customers and the beliefs on how the whole restaurant sector would be affected are in terms of size and statistical significance, the most important variables for explaining expectations of changes in turnover. The econometric results show that the owners are more likely to expect a decrease in turnover the larger the share of smoking customers is. Moreover, owners are less likely to expect financial losses due to a general smoking ban if establishments do not currently allow smoking or have a non-smoking section. No strong effect of the type of establishment on expected changes in turnover is detected, even though establishments with late night hours are more likely to expect financial losses. The study also, tentatively, concludes that many owners do not take general equilibrium effects into account, which may bias their expectations of turnover downwards. Resistance to a general smoking ban is not only explained by an expected loss in turnover, but also by the owners' attitudes towards customers smoking, property right over air space, and perception of the restaurant sector turnover. Resistance to a smoking ban is also greater among bars/nightclubs and restaurants compared to cafés.
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| 2. |
- Hammar, Henrik, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Smokers decisions to quit smoking
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate the effectiveness of different smoking policies on the decision to quit smoking using a choice experiment on a sample of habitual smokers. Our results indicate that restricted availability, increased cigarette prices, cessation subsidies and regulations at restaurants, bars and cafés increase the probability of smoking cessation. Regulations at work places do not seem to have any effect. The results also show the significant role of limited self-control; smokers who have the intent to quit smoking are more likely to quit smoking if a stricter regulation is implemented. Furthermore, smokers who have received advice from their children to quit smoking or who perceive the health risks as considerable, are more likely to quit smoking.
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| 3. |
- Hammar, Henrik, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Tax Evasion and the Importance of Trust
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Unless people pay the taxes they are obliged to pay, a general welfare state will eventually collapse. Thus, for the welfare state to survive in the long run, tax compliance is of utmost importance. Using Swedish individual survey data we analyze which factors affect the perception of tax evasion. The analysis is conducted on ten different taxes and the results differ widely. Hence, we show that it is important to study different taxes separately rather than treating tax evasion as one common phenomenon. In this paper we focus on the importance of different kinds of trust. Whether or not people in general are regarded as trustworthy only has a minor impact on perceived tax evasion. Instead, what matters is trust or distrust in politi- cians. People who distrust the parliament are more likely than others to think that tax evasion is common, and the result holds for most of the taxes studied. This may have severe long-run consequences for the welfare state. If people stop trusting their leading politicians, social norms about tax compliance deteriorate and the possibilities of collecting taxes for maintaining the welfare state are reduced.
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| 4. |
- Hammar, Henrik, 1970, et al.
(författare)
-
The Determinants of Sulfur Emissions from Oil Consumption in Swedish Manufacturing Industry, 1976-1995
- 2000
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a structural decomposition analysis, we analyze the causes of reduction in emitted sulfur originating from the manufacturing industry in Sweden during 1976-1995. We also analyze how policy instruments work with respect to sulfur emissions. We conclude that the sulfur tax has been important for reducing sulfur emissions. It affects energy prices, and hence substitution from heavy fuel oil (HFO) to light fuel oil (LFO), as well as substitution from oil to other energy sources. The sulfur tax also addresses sulfur emissions through a reduction of sulfur content of oil directly.
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| 5. |
- Hammar, Henrik, 1970, et al.
(författare)
-
The effect of cigarette prices and antismoking policies on the age of smoking initation
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study differs from most previous studies on smoking initiation by studying the age of smoking onset, and not merely smoking initiation. We apply duration analysis to estimate the determinants of the age of smoking initiation by using data from a questionnaire mailed to a sample of smokers in Sweden. We examine the impact of individual characteristics and public policies such as laws, regulations and cigarette prices, on the age of smoking initiation. Public polices do not show a significant effect on the age of smoking initiation. However, since the effects are difficult to measure, the insignificant parameters of public policies should be interpreted with caution. The significance of time trend might reflect long term effects of public policies. We also discuss the effects of public policies at some length in light of our results. Moreover, we find that men start smoking at younger age than women, and that smokers with smoking parents start at a younger age than smokers with non-smoking parents.
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| 6. |
- Hammar, Henrik, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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The value of risk-free cigarettes - Do smokers underestimate the risk?
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The health risk of smoking is valued using the contingent valuation method, applied to a Swedish sample of smokers. The respondents were asked to put a value on newly developed cigarettes with no associated health risks. The average additional willingness to pay for the new cigarettes is estimated to be between 10 and 41 SEK per packet. Using medical data on life shortening effects of smoking, the results indicate fairly reasonable values put on a lost life year, compared to existing estimates based on other methods. However, there are remaining methodological questions and we found little sensitivity to scope.
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| 7. |
- Hammar, Henrik, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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What explains attitudes towards tax levels? A multi-tax comparison
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We analyse Swedes´ opinions about the level of taxation for eleven different taxes to see what taxes people are most reluctant to and why. The most unpopular tax is the real estate tax, while the corporate tax is the least unpopular. We find a strong self interest effect in attitudes, and for corrective taxes information increases acceptance. We perform two case studies of Swedish tax policy and find political economy reasons for the recent abolition of the gift and inheritance taxes, and weak support for the ongoing green tax shift from labour to environmental taxes.
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| 8. |
- Löfgren, Åsa, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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The Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline in the EU: A Successful Failure?
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this paper is to analyze in both descriptive and econometric terms the phase-out of leaded gasoline consumption in the EU countries. The phase-out process is characterized by increased consumption of unleaded gasoline. We analyze the importance of price differences, share of catalytic converters, income per capita, and country characteristics in the phase-out process. Since the expected maintenance costs of using unleaded gasoline in cars without catalytic converters compared to the use of leaded gasoline differ insignificantly according to available evidence, and consumers still use leaded gasoline even though unleaded gasoline is cheaper; we interpret this as a lack of reliable information. The results indicate that countries, which have not yet phased out leaded gasoline, should do this by either banning leaded gasoline or by increasing the tax differential between leaded and unleaded gasoline depending on the objective of the social planner.
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