| 1. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Food labels: how consumers value moral, environmental, and health aspects of meat consumption
- 2020
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Policy changes could improve health and environmental outcomes by addressing the many externalities and internalities related to food consumption. Using a stated preference approach, we investigate to what extent consumers are willing to make costlier food consumption choices if doing so contributes to decrease environmental externalities, health damages, and animal suffering. We find a considerable willingness to pay for some aspects of the food bought. People are willing to pay an additional 50% for a product if it carries a label declaring that the product meets the highest available standards in terms of healthiness, animal welfare, and antibiotics use, respectively. The willingness to pay for a climate impact label is also sizeable but smaller. We compare a traffic-light label with a plain-text label and a grey-scale label in order to disentangle the effects of introducing labels Our results are mixed, suggesting that a traffic-light label has both normative and cognitive effects on behavior.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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How are you? How's it going? What's up? What's happening? Nudging people to tell us how they really are
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We investigate a novel approach to reduce measurement error in subjective well-being (SWB) data. Using a between-subject design, half of the subjects are asked to promise to answer the survey questions truthfully in an attempt to make them commit to truth-telling. This allows us to experimentally test whether making a promise affects their responses. We find a statistically significant difference between mean stated well-being between the two groups (with and without a promise, although the effect sizes are rather small). We then investigate to what extent the differences in stated well-being also affect the inference from regressions models on the determinants of SWB. We find important differences in terms of size and statistical significance of the coefficients between the two models, despite the small effect sizes on the dependent stated well-being variable.
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| 3. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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How much does it take? Willingness to switch to meat substitutes
- 2021
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Meat production and consumption have several negative environmental externalities and health impacts. Using a stated preference survey, this study identifies main barriers to and drivers of switching to the following meat substitutes: a plant-based veggie burger, a meat-like burger, and a lab burger. We find that price matters: given the right monetary incentives, many individuals express a willingness to switch to meatless alternatives. About a third of those who prefer meat would consider switching to a meat substitute if the price were two-thirds or less of the price of the meat option. However, almost half of the respondents would not choose a lab meat burger even if they would get it for free. Male individuals without university education and older than 30 years show a stronger resistance to substitute meat hamburgers, in particular if the substitute is a plant-based veggie burger that neither looks nor tastes like meat. Environmental and health consciousness and being familiar with the substitute are correlated with the willingness to substitute. Older individuals are less familiar with and less likely to choose meat substitutes compared with younger individuals. We also find that taste is a prominent barrier for people who prefer meat, indicating that there is room for improvements in the taste of the different meat substitutes.
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| 4. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Leading by example? EU citizens’ preferences for climate leadership
- 2022
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For global problems like climate change, strong international agreements are difficult to achieve. Alternative solutions might therefore be necessary. In this paper, we study the support for climate leadership in seven European countries. Climate leadership means that an individual country takes the lead by decreasing its carbon emissions above its level of commitment in the current EU agreement and with the intention of inspiring other countries to do likewise. Overall, we find that at realistic cost levels, a majority of people oppose their country taking the lead, and most do not expect that taking the lead will result in other countries following suit. The lack of support is caused by expectations that such leadership will result in other countries behaving as free riders. We do, however, find evidence of preferences for conditional leadership: People are more positive about their country taking the lead if assured that other countries will follow. These preferences are stronger among those who identify as leftwing. Moreover, citizens in smaller countries are more pessimistic that other countries would follow their country’s lead and more sensitive to the response of other EU countries.
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| 5. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Past and present outage costs – A follow-up study of households’ willingness to pay to avoid power outages
- 2019
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Households’ demand for electricity continues to increase. This trend per se should indicate increased disutility from power outages. On the other hand, batteries and other back-up systems have been improved and the frequency and duration of outages have been reduced in many countries. By comparing the results from two stated preference studies on Swedish households’ willingness to pay to avoid power outages in 2004 and 2017, we investigate whether the willingness to pay has changed. The willingness to pay is assessed for power outages of different durations, and whether it is planned or unplanned. We find three main differences: i) The proportion of households stating zero willingness to pay to avoid power outages decreased significantly from 2004 to 2017 and ii) the overall WTP was considerably higher in 2017 than in 2014, but iii) the WTP for duration of an outage has decreased. These results have implications for how regulators incentivize and regulate electricity suppliers since they suggest that a reliable supply of electricity is of greater importance now than what earlier studies have suggested.
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| 6. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual objectification of women in media and the gender wage gap: Does exposure to objectifying pictures lower the reservation wage?
- 2022
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using an online experiment, we investigate the influence of sexual objectification in media on economic decision making. In the experiment, subjects are asked to evaluate advertisements in women’s magazines. In the treatment groups, the ads portray women in sexually objectifying poses, while the poses are neutral in the control group. The main research hypothesis is that sexual objectification tends to make women self-objectify, i.e., they internalize the view of the objectifying images, and as a result, they lower their reservation wage. We find that women in the treatment groups do self-objectify: Women who were exposed to the objectifying images described themselves with words related to body shape or size significantly more often than women in the control group. Adding a warning text about the fact that photoshopped images can create unrealistic body ideals did not mitigate the self-objectification. However, we do not find any effect of the sexual objectification on women’s reservation wages. If we take the results at face value, they do suggest that the objectification of women in media, while having important psychological and emotional effects, does not seem to affect women’s economic behavior, at least not directly.
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| 7. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable food: can food labels make consumers switch to meat substitutes?
- 2021
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a stated preference survey, we investigate whether the introduction of a set of food labels affects consumers´ willingness to make costly shifts from meat products to meat substitutes. We investigate the role of food labels relating to health, use of antibiotics, climate impact, and animal care. We find that climate and healthiness labeling of substitutes increases the likelihood that consumers will switch to such products. We also find that labeling of the meat option can play an important role when choosing a food product. Labels concerning animal care, antibiotics use, and healthiness are all important for consumers’ choices, while a climate impact label placed on meat plays a smaller role. If meat is produced with severe restrictions on antibiotics use and the producers guarantee a high level of animal care, consumers will generally, all else equal, prefer the meat alternative. Twenty-five percent of the respondents are not willing to choose anything other than meat in the experiment. This subset of consumers are probably very difficult to influence. We find, however, that making a meat substitute taste more like meat is a key factor for those with limited experience of consuming soy products.
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| 8. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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The Climate Decade: Changing Attitudes on Three Continents
- 2020
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examine how attitudes and willingness to pay (WTP) for climate policies have changed over the past decade in the United States, China, and Sweden. All three countries exhibit an increased willingness to pay for climate mitigation. Ten years ago, Sweden had a larger fraction of believers in anthropogenic climate change and a higher WTP for mitigation, but today the national averages are more similar. Although we find convergence in public support for climate policy across countries, there is considerable divergence in climate attitudes and preferences within countries, particularly the United States. Political polarization explains part of this divergence.
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| 9. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Difference in Preferences or in Preference Orderings? Comparing Choices of Environmental Bureaucrats, Recreational Anglers, and the Public
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Do Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) bureaucrats represent the general public or are they more in line with an interest group? We study preferences for environmental policy using a choice experiment (CE) on three populations; the general public, Swedish EPA bureaucrats, and recreational anglers. We also test for existence of multiple preference orderings, i.e., whether responses differ depending on the decision role assigned. Half of the respondents were asked to choose the alternatives that best corresponded with their opinion, and the other half was asked to take the role of a policymaker and make recommendations for environmental policy. The SEPA bureaucrats have the highest marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) to improve environmental quality. These differences are robust and not due to differences in socio-economic characteristics across the populations. We found little evidence of multiple preference orderings, but in one case the difference in MWTP between the two roles was substantial.
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| 10. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Do you trust me? – Go Fish! A Study on Trust and Fisheries Management
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper investigates trust among stakeholders in fisheries management. We asked the general public, environmental bureaucrats, and recreational and commercial fishers whether they believed various stakeholders have sufficient knowledge to take a stance regarding fisheries management issues in a choice experiment they themselves had just been exposed to. We found that the general public and recreational fishers tend to trust bureaucrats to have sufficient knowledge, while bureaucrats distrust the general public. The commercial fishers in our sample deviate from the other respondents with high self-trust and low trust in both the general public and bureaucrats. In addition, bureaucrats tend to think that their colleagues are more knowledgeable than them. When looking at observable characteristics, we find that, regardless of comparison group, males show higher trust in their own knowledge than do females, and those with higher education believe they are more knowledgeable than people in general.
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