| 1. |
- Karltun, Johan
(författare)
-
Förändringsprocessers egenskaper och utvärdering
- 1996
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Utgångspunkten i denna avhandling är att det är möjligt att med en väl utformad förändringsprocess, kunna skapa förutsättningar för både goda arbeten och en stärkt konkurrenskraft i framför allt mindre träindustrier. Tre fallstudier är genomförda, och förändringsprocesserna är i dessa fall utvärderade med syftet att skapa en bättre kunskap om hur en effektiv förändringsprocess kan utformas och styras. Vidare föreslås en metodik för att utvärdera förändringsprocesser. Företagens förmåga att använda sig av metodiskt arbete, att kunna omsätta problemlösningar till praktisk handling, enigt och entydigt ledarskapsstöd och de anställdas medverkan identifieras som viktiga faktorer för en effektiv förändringsprocess. För att uppnå fysiska arbetsmiljöförbättringar och engagemang har framför allt de anställdas medverkan och ett tillräckligt ekonomiskt handlingsutrymme stor betydelse. I förändringsarbetet har två olika typer av förändringsprocesser som inverkar på konkurrenskraft och arbetsförhållanden identifierats. Den ena avser förändringar inom gällande mål och visioner, och den är framför allt åtgärdsinriktad. Denna förändringstyp har karaktären av vardagsrationalisering, och förutsätter ofta en förbättring av arbetsförhållandena för att den ska fungera effektivt. Den har en god förmåga att framför allt ge fysiska arbetsmiljöförbättringar. Den andra typen av förändring drivs av en vision och konkretiserade mål, och kräver en helt annan planering och organisation för sitt genomförande. För att denna process ska resultera i förbättrade arbetsförhållanden krävs medvetet angivna mål som inbegriper ett så-dant syfte. Resultaten visar också att en förändringsprocess behöver utvärderas ur flera perspektiv för att man ska få en acceptabelt bra bild av hur den ska kunna styras.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Alvehus, Johan, 1973-
(författare)
-
Mötets metaforer : en studie av berättelser om möten
- 1999
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although meetings are, for most, an important part of the daily routine, they are easily disregarded. When viewed as a form of interaction, meetings become more problematic. While the form of interaction is important for the interpretation of content, it also opens up possibilities for manipulation.The purpose of this study is to contribute to an increased understanding of the possibilities for constructing the form of interaction in meetings. This has been achieved through a study of narratives on meetings, here in terms of normative management literature.The literature on meeting management offers distinct views on how meetings supposedly function. These views can be expressed in terms of two metaphors: meetings as organisms and meetings as machines. Metaphors serve to both highlight and conceal certain aspects of a phenomenon. The organism metaphor highlights the homogeneity and dynamics of meetings. In contrast, the machine metaphor helps explain how meetings work, as well as how they can be measured and evaluated.Different metaphors are often portrayed as either totally distinct from, or directly related to each other. However, the literature on managing meetings reveals that the organism and machine metaphors are both related and discrete. Accordingly, the dialectics of highlighting and concealing aspects of a phenomenon must be complemented by the dialectics between the metaphors. The latter can be expressed in terms of links that integrate the metaphors, as well as links that separate the metaphors and define differences between them. In the literature these links emerge as options for action, i.e., alternatives for enacting a particular metaphor using specific techniques. Accordingly, certain techniques provide options for choosing the form of interaction. However, meetings in themselves can also be viewed as a kind of information technology in the same way as e-mail or videoconferencing technology. Normative statements, e.g. the literature on managing meetings, are important clues for the analysis of how different forms of social action can be designed.In studying interaction and communication, an analysis of conscious attempts to design or influence situations should be considered. Such analysis is facilitated by working with a refined concept of form-the double dialectics of form/content and form/form-along with the concept of techniques.
|
|
| 7. |
- Andersson, Dan, 1966-
(författare)
-
Logistics Alliances and Structural Change
- 1995
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of why and in what way shippers outsource logistics operations into partnerships with logistics service providers. These relationships are called "operational alliances in logistics" (OALs). Furthermore the effects of the OALs have been studied from a shipper's point of view.In previous research the focus has been on analysing the shippers' attitudes towards outsourcing of logistics. In this study, I have tried to go one step further and document and analyse results of actual OALs. The focus is on the materials flow from the shipper via a logistics service provider to the customer.The logistics service provider could be a transport operator, forwarder, public warehousing company etc .. A quarter of the shippers were from the consumer package goods sector and the rest of the companies were distributed over various industry sectors.The research methodology used in this study is an integration of a quantitati ve anda qualitative approach, based on a combination of a European survey of 47 shippers in five countries and a multiple case studies of four Swedish companies. The survey gave answers to quantifiable questions like "what", and "how much" etc .. The case studies were used to explain some of the results from the survey, e.g. the interrelationship between structural changes and operational alliances in logistics.The study identifies three major groups of driving forces for the set-up of an operational alliance in logistics, from the shipper's point of view:reduction of costs/investments and improvement of serviceimproved strategic flexibilityneed for structural changeAccording to this study cost as a driving force has not the dorninating role as indicated by previous studies. All case companies were involved in structural changes, and the OAL was considered to be a tool to change distribution structures and change them fast, as well as reduce investment needs.According to the survey most of the barriers to an OAL are related to the service provider, e.g. "inadequate knowledge by the provider of the shipper's business particulars", "inadequate IT systems" and the risk of having "all eggs in one basket".In the case studies the shippers did not indicate the same barriers, and those indicated were primarily connected to intemal problems, e.g. "loss of employment", "no acceptance by management and employees" In previous research, the barrier "loss of control" has often been indicated as the mo st important. However, in this study there was no indication that this barrier was of any importance. Instead, the results show that an OAL leads to improved control of cost and performance.According to the survey the activities within an operational alliance in logistics are usually restricted to basic logistics services, such as warehousing and transport. However the shippers investigated in the casestudies, do not quite fit into this description. In all four cases the providers take care of all of the materials flow from the producer to the customer. In one case all logistics activities have been outsourced. In addition to transport and warehousing services, activities such as daily contacts with suppliers, inventory control and order processing are included.This study supports previous research that claims that a good shipperprovider relationship is essential for an operational alliance in logistics. In order to achieve a successful alliance there must also be good communications and exchange of information. In the companies studied the most frequent information exchange and visits take place at the operational management level. But there are also regular contacts at both logistics management level and top management level.OALs are almost always based on a written contract, which in general is quite flexible even though detailed specifications and performance targets are included.The identified effects of the OALs have been divided into four areas:Cost: long term reductions but sometimes short term increasesService performance: long term increase but sometimes short term decreaseStructural change: changed or new distribution structuresControl: improved control of cost and perf ormanceThe shippers assess the relative importance of the actual economic benefits expressed in reduced costs and improved service perf ormance as equal. The main reason for the cost advantages is believed to be economies of scale and scope, and the main reason for the service advantage is believed to be on-time delivery. However, in some cases the costs increased and service performance decreased during the start-up period.OALs improve service performance and reduce costs. At the same time OALs facilitate structural changes and this indirectly improves the overall performance of the shippers This important link between operational alliances and structural change, which is also reflected in the driving forces, is something that has largely been neglected by previous research. The total effects of an OAL should lead to improved competitiveness and even to an improved ability to handle increased globalisation.
|
|
| 8. |
- Andersson, Eva, 1946-
(författare)
-
Studies on cellular vitamin A metabolism and effects of UV irridation in human keratinocytes and melanocytes
- 1998
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Reinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) are modulators of proliferation and differentiation in a variety of cell types, including epidermal cells. Both retinol (ROH) and its metabolite 3,4-didehydroretinol (ddROH) can be converted to the acid form retinoic acid (RA) and 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid (ddRA), ligands for the nuclear receptors inducing gene transcriptions. Using high-performance liquid chromatography we have investigated the endogenous ROH and ddROH concentrations and the metabolism of [3H]ROH in cultures of keratinocytes, melanocytes, Hela cells, melanoma cell and two cell lines of non human origin (CV-1 and F9). Cellular retinoid-binding proteins (CRABP I, CRABP II) were also determined by radioligand binding technique and RT-PCR.Keratinocytes and melanocytes contained high concentrations of ROH and ddROH, Hela- and melanoma cells contained intermediate amounts of retinoids, while in the cell of non human origin only ROH was detected. Analysis of CRABP Il showed a correlation to the cells' ability to accumulate ddROH, suggesting a role for this protein in the 3,4-didehydro metabolic pathway. In melanocytes CRABP I was highly expressed and in melanoma cells CRABP Il dominated. CV-1 and F9 contained low levels of CRABP Il.Incubation with [3H]ROH for 1-24 hours resulted in a rapid appearance of [3H]ddROH in keratinocytes and toa lesser extent in Hela cells, melanocytes and melanoma cells. At the end of the incubation the amount of [3H]ddROH corresponded to 30% of the total cellular radioactivity in the Hela cells, 10% in the keratinocytes, 4% in melanocytes and only 1 % in the melanoma cells. The cell types of non human origin did not produce [3H]ddROH from [3H]ROH. These findings support the concept that ddROH production is cell and tissue specific.Another purpose of this study was to examine the influence of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on cellular metabolism of retinoids. A physiological dose of UVR reduced the concentration of ROH, ddROH and [3H]RA in cell cultures by 20-50%. The concentration retumed to control levels in about 1-2 days. The uptake of [3H]ROH which was almost 3-fold higher in melanocytes than in keratinocytes, did not much differ between irradiated and control cells. Also, the formation of [3H]ddROH from [3H]ROH was unaffected by UVR. However, the accumulation of the metabolite all-trans [3H]RA was 60% higher in irradiated than unirradiated keratinocytes and melanocytes. Our data indicate that restoration of cellular vitamin A after UVR is mainly accomplished by a retarded metabolism of RA to less active compounds and indicate that the homeostatic control of RA production isa priority after UVR. Failure of this control may be an important factor in UV-induced carcinogenesis in vivo.
|
|
| 9. |
- Andersson, Jörgen
(författare)
-
Bilder av småföretagares ekonomistyrning
- 1995
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Utvecklingen av ekonomisk styrning och även den aktuella debatten inom området är till stora delar koncentrerad till stora företag. Under en seminarieserie om risker i samband med nyföretagande anordnad av Närings- och teknikutvecklingsverket (NUTEK) aktualiserades frågan om ekonomisk styrning i små och nystartade företag.Inför denna studie blev det därför naturligt att ställa sig frågan om hur de teorier och metoder som idag finns till förfogande för ekonomistyrning fungerar i små företag. Syftet med denna studie är att öka insikterna om hur ekonomisk styrning bedrivs i små företag. Detta sker genom att beskriva och analysera den ekonomiska styrningen i ett antal små företag.Undersökningen omfattar intervjuer med nio småföretagsledare. Centrala forskningsfrågor är vilka mål företagsledaren har, vilka ekonomiska verktyg som används, hur beslutsfattande sker samt hur samarbetet med externa aktörer i form av banker, revisorer och konsulter fungerar.Studien visar att långsiktiga mål ofta anges i kvalitativa termer. Mer sällan är de monetära målen konkret formulerade. Företagandet bygger ofta på ett praktiskt kunnande hos företags-ledaren. Affärsidén kan antingen vara explicit formulerad eller mer outtalad. Vidare visas hur komplext beslutsfattande kan vara i den typ av verksamhet som har studerats. I vissa fall kan en sekventiell och rationell beslutsmodell spåras. I andra fall kan irrationella beslutsmodeller beskriva beslutsprocessen. Tydligt är dock att både formella beslutsunderlag och intuition och erfarenhet spelar en viktig roll vid beslutsfattande. Studien visar dessutom att många av de metoder och verktyg som anges inom ekonomistyrningslitteratur också används i de studerade företagen. Vilka verktyg som upplevs som mest betydelsefulla varierar mellan de olika företagsledarna. I studien tolkas användningen av formella ekonomistyrningsmetoder som ett utslag för en avvägning mellan nytta och kostnader i en situation där resurserna är mycket begränsade. Dessutom framkommer att företagsledare har förhållandevis få externa kontakter med vilka affärsverksamheten diskuteras. Av dessa upplevs samarbetet med revisor i många fall som det viktigaste.Slutligen argumenteras för att nya metoder för styrning av verksamheter mot ekonomiska mål behöver utvecklas. Traditionella metoder för ekonomistyrning kan behöva kompletteras med andra metoder där verksamhetens centrala resultatskapande faktorer identifieras och utnyttjas för styrning, vilket kan innebära att icke-monetära mått får en ökad betydelse.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
