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- Ahlström, Christer
(författare)
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The status of multilateral export control regimes : An examination of legal and non-legal agreements in international co-operation
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis deals with the phenomenon of states concluding international agreements that are, explicitly or impliedly, of a non-legal character. It is first of all argued that states have the option under international law to conclude legally binding agreements or agreements that lack this quality. Subsequently, the thesis addresses the question of how to differentiate a legally binding transaction from a non-legal one. By means of an analysis of the substantive elements of treaties and unilateral declarations it is found that the distinction primarily relates to the subjective intention of the representatives concluding the agreement or making the declaration. Relating this subjective substantive element to the manifestly informal character of the concept of treaty and thenotion of unilateral declaration, i.e., the general lack of mandatory requirements as to the form of a valid transaction, it is concluded that an objective determination of the status of an ambiguous international transactionis often problematic. The question of the material differences between legally binding international agreements and non-legal agreements is also assessed. It is argued that there are substantial and important differences, and,consequently, that it is important to maintain the distinction. The theoretical observations made in relation to the phenomenon of non-legal agreements are also related to a defined empirical material-i.e., five multilateral export control regimes on the non-proliferation of weapons ofmass destruction. The analysis of the status of the foundational documents of these regimes largely corroborates the theoretical observations made as to the problems of determining the formal status of an ambiguous international agreement. The tentative conclusions drawn as to the status of the export control regimes under international law are subsequently related to a discussion of the domestic implementation of the regimes in one country. This study corroborates the finding that the foundational documents of the multilateral export control regimes are of a non-legal character.
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| 2. |
- Alhager, Magnus
(författare)
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Dispens från inkomstskatt
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation is a study of special exemption rules in Swedish tax law. These rules are formulated as exeptions to the general rules of taxation, providing relief from tax liability in specific cases. It is a fundamental principle of Swedish law that the power of taxation - as well as other forms of public power - be exercised in accordance with the law, which in this context means duly enacted legislation by the component organ of state. The power to grant exemption from taxation must therefore also be exercised in accordance with duly enacted statutes and/or other rules. However, special exemption differs from other exeptions provided by rules in tax legislation. Application for special exemption is lodged at a special administrative body (the Special Exemption Board). Special exemption does not constitute any part of the annual assessment of the taxpayer. Furthermore, the application is dealt with under a special procedure for this purpose. This dissertation provides a review of the legal rules governing the treatment of special exemption in the field of income taxation. Attention focuses on aspects of legal certainty and efficiency in the administration of special exemption applications. The present study aims to examine one of the least explored areas of tax law. This study also discusses the particular problems of legal interpretation in the absence of judicial precedents (of the administrative courts) to which one can refer in other areas of income tax law. This study shows that the concept of special exemption is unsatisfactory as an instrument of relief from tax liability, both from the point of view of legal certainty and of efficiency in administration. The conclusion then, is that de lege ferenda rules of special exemption should be abolished and replaced by ordinary rules within theincome tax system.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Torbjörn
(författare)
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Rättsskyddsprincipen : EG-rätt och nationell sanktions- och processrätt ur ett svenskt civilprocessuellt perspektiv
- 1997
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Genom Sveriges medlemskap i EU har den svenska rättsordningen blivit föremål för partiella, men fundamentala, förändringar. Några år efter anslutningen har förändringarna börjat märkas i den praktiska juridiska verksamheten. Individer och företag uppmärksammar i allt högre utsträckning att EG-rättsliga regler har betydelse för dem. Det blir allt vanligare att Svenska domstolar ställs inför att tillämpa EG-regler. I boken behandlar författaren mötet mellan EG-rätt och nationell sanktions och processrätt vid domstolar i medlemsstaterna. Det perspektiv som anläggs är den svenska civilprocessens. EG-domstolen har under en knapp trettioårsperiod utvecklat rättsskyddsprincipen i syfte att ge EG-rätten praktisk verkan i medlemsstaterna. Rättsskyddsprincipen styr i hög grad den nationella processen då EG-regler tillämpas. Principen har t.ex. betydelse vid bedömning av skadeståndsfrågor, interimistiska åtgärder samt preklusions- och preskriptionsfrister. Boken innehåller en genomgång av EG-domstolens praxis med avseende på olika sanktionstyper och processregler. Vidare behandlas rättsskyddsprincipens betydelse på områden där det saknas praxis från EG-domstolen samt de problem principen föranleder. Författaren framhåller att de nationella domstolarnas roll och processens funktion förändras vid tillämpningen av EG-regler. Nya ändamål tillkommer och domstolarna tvingas inta ett nytt förhållningssätt till inhemska sanktions- och processregler. Boken avslutas med ett hanteringsschema, en strukturerad genomgång av frågor som aktualiseras vid tillämpningen av EG-rätt på nationell nivå.
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| 6. |
- Asp, Petter
(författare)
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EG : S sanktionsrätt : ett straffrättsligt perspektiv : [a criminal law perspective]
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is a thesis in criminal law that mainly deals with questions concerning EC law. This may appear a bit strange since the commonly accepted view is that the EC lacks competence in the field of criminal law. Whether the popular opinion is correct depends, however, on what you mean by words such as "criminal law" and "punishment". It is clear that EC law affects national criminal law in various ways and that the EC has competence with regard to certain administrative sanctions which are hard to distinguish from traditional punishment. This thesis is devoted to these supranational sanctions.When it is said that a sanction is supranational (or belongs to EC law) this means that EC authorities have legislative competence, i.e. competence to enact the rule in question.Examples of supranatinal sanctions are the fines that are imposed for infringements of the competition rules and sanctions such as exclusion from aid-schemes, reduction of aid etc. The latter types of sanctions are used above all within the CAP.The overarching purpose of the study is to analyse EC law sanctions from a criminal law perspective. This purpose can be stated more concreely in the following way:(1) to put the EC sanctions in context. The first task has therefore been to describe the structural connections between EC law, national criminal law and supranational sanctions.(2) to analyse and evaluate the supranational sanctions from a criminal law perspective.(3) to analyse the relationship between punishment and other types of (administrative) sanctions.
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| 8. |
- Bull, Thomas
(författare)
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Mötes- och demonstrationsfriheten : En statsrättslig studie av mötes- och demonstrationsfrihetens innehåll och gränser i Sverige, Tyskland och USA : [a constitutional study of the concept and limits of freedom of assembly and demonstration in Sweden, Germany and USA]
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is concerned with the protection of freedom of assembly and demonstrationin constitutional law. The study includes the constitutional systems of Sweden,Germany and USA and describes the level of protection in those systems. The mainpurpose of the study is to analyse the Swedish system and to point out its strong andweak sides. The comparative material is used to enhance this analysis.In Sweden freedom of assembly and demonstration is guaranteed by the Instrument ofGovernment (RF). The rights are defined in RF 2:1 and the possibility to restrict themare given in RF 2:12-14. The central legal questions of this thesis concerns what thisprotection includes. Who can claim constitutional protection and against whom cansuch claims be made? What is the "speech" protected by the freedom of speech-clausein RF 2:1? What is a "meeting" in the meaning of the freedom of assembly-clause inRF 2:1? What is the meaning of the term "public space" as regards the freedom ofdemonstration? What is a "restriction" of a constitutional right? The answers to thesequestions show that some traditionally accepted concepts in Swedish constitutional lawcan be criticized.An attempt is made to model an alternative framework for reasoning in the area ofconstitutionally protected rights. In this model the focus is shifted from definitions ofrights to the possibilities of restricting given rights. It therefore can be said to betterfollow the structure of the constitutional provisions in RF. It is also a model that ismore in accordance with the European Convention on Human Rights than thetraditional view. The last part of the thesis deals with the effects of this new constitutional approach on statutory law. It is shown that most statutory law in the area offreedom of assembly and demonstration is in accordance with this model, but that thereis need for constitutional change in certain areas.
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