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- Andersson, Hans, 1950-
(författare)
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"Androm till varnagel-" : det tidigmoderna Stockholms folkliga rättskultur i ett komparativt perspektiv
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The basic concept for my research is legal culture. Thus I do not confine my study to what has been labelled "historical criminology", but also include litigation in civil cases concerning economic conflicts. Though quantitative analysis is a necessary preliminary step, the focus of my interest lies in attitudes and values, mainly of the lower classes. The study of popular legal culture in Stockholm 1620-1720 is viewed in a comparative perspective with Chester and Bremen, two cities with legal systems belonging to the two main judicial traditions of Europe.At the basis of any theory of culture and cultural change should be the assumption that there is a relation between culture and the power structure in the society where that culture is situated. But power is not only the determinant of culture, legal culture also includes the way that power is structured, and the ways it is exercised. In the field of legal culture the main change with respect to power in the period I have examined is what has been labelled the judicial revolution. This concept is related to the process of the state taking control over legal system and establishing a monopoly of violence in society.Two main features may be discerned in the change of criminal pattern of Stockholm during the period 1620-1720. There is a distinct fall of the frequency of lethal violence and a rise of female criminality. In fact the early eighteenth century Stockholm is the only case known where more women than men are indicted and sentenced.The comparative study focuses on how the legal tradition coexists with different political and economic systems and with differences in the legal culture: values and attitudes concerning the law, especially the code of honour, which from a Swedish point of view seems to be a crucial element in the popular legal culture, the education and backgrund of the judges and lawyers as well as the participation of laymen in the legal system, the equality before law; the role of different kinds of argumentation in the legal discourse and finally the existence of popular sanctions outside the official system.The anglo-saxon system has maintained many arcaic and irrational elements, but on the other hand it has fostered a strong tradition of commersialization, pluralism and freedom to choose between different kind of courts, which may have aided the developement of a capitalistic economy. In Bremen the bürger-elite stayed in control of the political power, working for the autonomy of the city. But at the same time the city council gave place to a large number of judicially trained members and ranged itsef within the legal system of the empire.
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| 2. |
- Bergfeldt, Börje, 1964-
(författare)
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Den teokratiska statens död : sekularisering och civilisering i 1700-talets Stockholm
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The point of departure for this dissertation is the discussion of the history of civilisation that has been held in the wake of the German sociologist and historian, Norbert Elias. One of the most radical changes in our society during the last 250 years, and at the same time one of the most fundamental aspects of the civilising process, is secularization. From having been the only true School, Christianity became one of several philosophies of life. This change has been explained in different ways by researchers in cultural history and the history of mentalities. Roughly, you can talk about two different types of explanations, or perspectives; one vertical and one horizontal. I agree with the horizontal perspective, i.e. the conclusion that both the civilising process in general and the secularization, at least in some parts, must be seen as a result of man`s own activities, rather than disciplining actions from above.A study of the administration of justice and the efficiency of the church's punishment regarding fornification (lägersmål), sexual intercourse between unmarried individuals, tells us that one of the most important reasons that extra-marital intercourse received milder punishments, was that the religious grounds for legitimising punishment had declined during the second half of the century.Another study investigates how the church handled the most central cult-ceremony; the sacrament of communion. Several of the inhabitants of Stockholm were no longer behaving according to religiously accepted patterns of living during the 18th century. Concurrently with this, women came to play a more active role in the public life of the church.The "power", i.e. the upholders of the religious life, does not always have to react in a aggressive way. Through research on religious literature, you can establish that the "power" rather met competing patterns of thought in a passive way.At least in some parts the spiritual or mental secularization was parallell to an institutional secularization of the church as an organisation. A study of the accounts for three parishes i Stockholm during the period 1754 to 1800, shows a long-term declining trend in real income.
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| 3. |
- Carlén, Stefan, 1964-
(författare)
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Staten som marknadens salt : en studie i institutionsbildning, kollektivt handlande och tidig välfärdspolitik på en strategisk varumarknad i övergången mellan merkantilism och liberalism 1720-1862
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation studies public institutional arrangements on the Swedish salt market 1720-1862. Crucial issues are how an why these arrangements emerged and were changed as well as they were used. The arrangements were erected in order to realize economic and social goals. In this respect, the policy persued by the Swedish government differed from those of most other governments, where policies concerning salt primarily meant tax policies. Government policies in Sweden were firstly external and had a long-term orientation. The aim was to import as much salt as possible to Sweden. The government also pursued a short-term policy in order to cope with short-term shorages. Overall, these policies were successful. Contrary to what has been stated in earlier Swedish research, the protectionist shipping policies did not lead to shortages of salt and high saltprices. Instead, the Swedish shipping and freight manufacture was stimulated, and Sweden became independent of foreign merchant fleets. The mercantilist aim of building a large merchant fleet, independent of potential enemy nations, was achieved without any negative effects on prices or supply on the Swedish salt market.Shortages of salt were not caused by a generally low yearly supply of salt. On the contrary, Sweden consistently had a surplus of salt and re-exported every year salt to other countries. The shortages of salt was rather regional and temporary, due to unexpected shocks on the supply side (wars, buccaneering, shipwrecks, persistent head winds, crises of production) and on the demand side (abundant fishing, cattle diseases and forced slaughter etc.). Costly and slow transports and communication meant that unexpected shortages could not be solved through trade. To solve these problems different institutional arrangements were created. These arrangements emerged in an evolutionary process of institutional change characterized by significant random elements. Severe shortages caused large changes in relative prices which acted as triggering factors in the process of institutional formation.Three more elaborated institutional arrangements having welfare purpuses were established, but disappeared in a rather short time. In 1774 a system of State Salt Stores were established in all staple towns. This arrangement proved to be very efficient as an insurance system, and the Salt Stores were frequently used to avert temporary shortages until new cargos of salt had arrived. The active state policy was a prerequisite for the markets to function satisfactory under mercantilism. But public stockpiling came to an end because the need for this insurance services diminished. But new technologies in saltproduction and shipping, increases in security and improved communications, a more efficiently-functioning market structure caused a significant long run decline i saltprices in relation to other prices and wages. Consequently, the need for public arrangements on the saltmarket decreased.
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| 7. |
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Föreställningar om kön : ett genusperspektiv på jordbrukets modernisering
- 1998
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Uppfattningar om kvinnligt och manligt, genusarbetsdelning, jordbrukaridentitet och jordbrukarkvinnors samhälleliga organisering är några av de frågor som behandlas i denna bok.I Föreställningar om kön. Ett genusperspektiv på jordbrukets modernisering låter sex historiker från de nordiska länderna genushistorisk och agrarhistorisk forskning mötas och inspirera varandra.Artiklarna visar att jordbrukets moderninsering inte enbart handlade om förändringar i produktionens teknik och inriktning. Med agrarsamhällets modernisering förändrades också betydelsen av kön, arbete och offentlighet i de nordiska länderna.
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| 9. |
- Hedenborg, Susanna, 1964-
(författare)
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Det gåtfulla folket : Barns villkor och uppfattningar av barnet i 1700-talets Stockholm
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Children are the "little people" and during the childhood it may be said that the child is supposed to acquire the attributes that will enable him or her to qualify for and enter adulthood. The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate the attributes that defined a child as a "proper" child of its times with particular reference to 18th century Stockholm. The definition of children and childhood used is based upon both the prevailing social and cultural constructions and children's physical and psychological development.An understanding and awareness of these conceptions can be reached through studying the then expressed ideas about what a proper childhood should entail and through studying the treatment of children. In order to arrive at and define the conceptions of childhood four questions were posed:Were children seen as a separate group in relation to adults?Were distinctions made between the group defined as children?Were children ascribed certain responsibilities?What did the socialization process include?In order to answer the questions several different source materials have been used: laws, population registers, school books, children's literature and enrolment lists and examination papers from public schools. Children have been treated differently from adults by the legal system (criminal law and the civil law) at least since the middle ages. In some areas the age limits marking the transition from child to adult have remained the same while others were raised. Economic regulations have been subject to the greatest change. A general trend is that childhood as a period of few rights and responsibilities, has been prolonged over time.The conceptions of children and childhood vary considerably, even within a particular society and period. Despite the fact that distinctions (based on age, sex and social class) were made between children, at least one group in society expressed a conception of children as being alike emphasising instead differences between children and adults. Here children were defined according to their cognitive and affective capacities.I argue that this continuity can in part be explained by the physical and psychological differences between children and adults. The changing conceptualization is more difficult to explain. A strict economic explanation based on extended resources or an increased demand for educated labour is not plausible as Stockholm's economy was stagnating between 1750-1850. It is more likely that difficulties within the labour market together with cultural changes (particularly secularization) influenced the conceptualization of children and childhood.
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