| 71. |
- Hellman, Anette, 1963
(författare)
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Kan Batman vara rosa? Förhandlingar om pojkighet och normalitet på en förskola
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Abstract Title: Have you Ever Seen a Pink Batman? Negotiating Boyishness and Normality at a Preschool. Language: Swedish with a summary in English Keywords: Performativity, gender, masculinity, normality, pre- school, children, negotiation ISBN: 978-91-7346-689-9 Gender research has long argued that gender is constructed through social processes. This study explores how this is done among children at pre-school. To achieve this objective the study focuses how norms related to boyishness was negotiated among children in their everyday activities. The theoretical framework rests on concepts from post structural feminist theory, queer theory and critical masculinity research. The material is produced through ethnographic method and two years of field work. At preschool girls and boys acted in a wide variety of different ways not distinctly connected to their gendered identities. One main finding in the study is that out of this maze of practices certain acts are made visible and categorized as typical boyish or girlish. Included in these processes of categorization are assumptions about certain behavior as more correct and natural for different sexes, resulting in discursive positions such as “typical” boys, for example. However, this position is ascribed low status both among teachers and other children. The most attractive position is described as the ”competent child”. When norms about gender differences are made relevant these are foremost manifested in negotiations about specific markers and signifiers, such as voices, movements, specific haircuts, colors and toys. The negotiations did usually not concern if a boy or girl could be part of a play but if the appropriate signifiers were used. The issue was not if a girl could take the position of Batman but whether he could wear pink or not. In that way one can say that construing gender preceded actual experiences of sexually defined bodies. In the study it is concluded that the importance of belonging to a specific gender or sex is accentuated in specific spaces, but less relevant in other. The difference between the spaces lies in how they are opened or closed to a normative gaze. This gendered gaze is manifested not only by actually being seen by teachers and children but also in architecture. To evade this normative gaze children created “secret” spaces either by building small shelters or negotiating specific rooms of friendship. A further conclusion is that when age is emphasized norms about gender are equally stressed. The notion of “being a baby” consisted a very strong marker to police the border between being a sexual subject or not. The study brings out the crucial importance age have also for small children in processes of negotiating and naturalizing two different sexes and the importance of being gendered to be understood and normal.
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| 72. |
- Hellman, Annika
(författare)
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Visuella möjlighetsrum. Gymnasieelevers subjektsskapande i bild och medieundervisning
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- De demokratiska aspekterna av utbildning får allt mindre plats i skolan. En neoliberal logik som försvårar för kreativa processer att ta plats i skolan har genom ett ensidigt fokus på effektivitet och målstyrning kommit att dominera utbildningssystemet. I denna avhandling riktas intresset mot gymnasieelevers perspektiv på bild och medieundervisning. Det gäller såväl synliggörandet av elevers röster, som bild och medieämnens demokratiserande potentialer. Genom elevers videodagböcker och en visuell etnografisk klassrumstudie syftar avhandlingen till att undersöka elevers subjektsskapande i bild och medieundervisning på gymnasiet. Teoretiskt tar avhandlingen utgångspunkt i både poststrukturalistiska och posthumanistiska teorier. Kombinationen av dessa teorier synliggör elevers subjektsskapande som diskursiv och könad subjektivering, samt som tillblivelser i föränderliga assemblage med materialitet. Studien visar att undervisning med bild och media har en unik demokratisk och pedagogisk potential. Genom estetiska praktiker kan elever uttrycka motstånd, åsikter och kritik, samtidigt som deras upplevelser, erfarenheter och kunskaper synliggörs. Samtidigt visar studien elevers motstånd mot undervisningen, och en begränsad tillgång till maskulina subjektspositioner i bildpedagogisk praktik. Elevpositioner produceras och reproduceras i gymnasieskolan, samtidigt som elevpositioner kan differentieras och utmanas genom elevers arbete med bild och media. Elevers visuella gestaltningar innebär ett materialiserat skillnadsskapande som är tätt sammanflätat med differentiering av tänkande, omvärldsuppfattningar och självet. Vidare innebär elevers visuella gestaltande ett kreativt skillnadsskapande och idémässiga potentialer som berör det som kan komma att aktualiseras och materialiseras i framtiden.
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| 73. |
- Holmberg, Christopher, 1984
(författare)
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Food, body weight, and health among adolescents in the digital age: An explorative study from a health promotion perspective
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this thesis was to explore adolescents’ relationship with food, body weight, and health communication in online digital media, as well as how adolescents experience participating in a health promotion intervention regarding food and physical activity habits. Health promotion as a research area served three purposes: to inform the research questions, to direct the data collection, and to identify implications from the research findings. The four included studies explored how adolescents portray food in a widely used image-sharing application, why and how adolescents in treatment for obesity engaged with online health-related information, and how these adolescents experienced presenting themselves on social media. The fourth study explored adolescents’ experiences of participating in a health promoting intervention, focusing on their experiences of using a social media group within the intervention. Overall, the findings suggest that food is a significant means of adolescents’ online self-presentation practices. Food imagery was most often communicated in a positive way, associated with commercial elements, and often depicting high-calorie foods. Adolescents with obesity experienced this user-generated food content as challenging for their weight management. These findings also question the separation between media and information content as stated in the original definition of eHealth literacy. The findings also emphasize a need to explore the adolescents’ own experiences of acceptability of using social media in health promotion practices, with regards to the type of social media and in what context it was or could be used.
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| 74. |
- Johannesson, Elias, 1972
(författare)
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The Dynamic Development of Cognitive and Socioemotional Traits and Their Effects on School Grades and Risk of Unemployment : A Test of the Investment Theory
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis is to examine the dynamic development of cognitive and socioemotional traits and how these traits influence academic achievement and predict risk of unemployment. Data was retrieved from the Evaluation Through Following-up (ETF) database. The data consists of 9,080 students born in 1972, who answered a questionnaire and completed cognitive ability tests in 3rd and 6th grade. In addition, register-based data was used for students’ grades and for various background variables. All analyses were conducted using structural equation modelling (SEM). The dynamic development of the relationships between cognitive and socioemotional traits between 3rd and 6th grade is driven by cognitive ability factors. Support was found for Cattell’s investment hypothesis, which states that fluid cognitive ability (Gf) influences development of crystallized cognitive ability (Gc). No influence of socioemotional traits on either cognitive traits or socioemotional traits was found. The evidence of a Gc reading achievement trait complex was weak. Furthermore, both cognitive and socioemotional traits are related to academic achievement. In the prediction of unemployment risk, effects of almost all cognitive and socioemotional traits are captured by grades. Gc has both a direct effect on unemployment risk and an indirect effect via grades on unemployment risk. All other effects of socioemotional traits and Gf are related to the risk of unemployment via academic achievement. The strongest determinant of unemployment risk is academic achievement, which has a protective effect on the risk of unemployment.
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| 75. |
- Johansson, Stefan, 1980
(författare)
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On the Validity of Reading Assessments: Relationships Between Teacher Judgements, External Tests and Pupil Self-Assessments
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis is to examine validity issues in different forms of assessments; teacher judgements, external tests, and pupil self-assessment in Swedish primary schools. The data used were selected from a large-scale study––PIRLS 2001––in which more than 11000 pupils and some 700 teachers from grades 3 and 4 participated. The primary method used in the secondary analyses to investigate validity issues of the assessment forms is multilevel Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with latent variables. An argument-based approach to validity was adopted, where possible weaknesses in assessment forms were addressed. A fairly high degree of correspondence between teacher judgements and test results was found within classrooms with a correlation of .65 being obtained for 3rd graders, a finding well in line with documented results in previous research. Grade 3 teachers’ judgements correlated higher than those of grade 4 teachers. The longer period of time spent with the pupils, as well as their different education, were suggested as plausible explanations. Gender and socioeconomic status (SES) of the pupils showed a significant effect on the teacher judgements, in that girls and pupils with higher SES received higher judgements from teachers than test results accounted for. Teachers with higher levels of formal competence were shown to have pupils with higher achievement levels. Pupil achievement was measured with both teacher judgements and PIRLS test results. Furthermore, higher correspondence between judgements and test-results was demonstrated for teachers with higher levels of competence. Comparisons of classroom achievement were shown to be problematic with the use of teachers’ judgements. The judgements reflected different achievement levels, despite the fact that test-results indicated similar performance levels across classrooms. Pupil self-assessments correlated slightly lower to both teacher judgement and to test results, than did teacher judgements and test results. However, in spite of their young age, pupils assessed their knowledge and skills in the reading domain relatively well. No differences in self-assessments were found for pupils of different gender or SES. In summary, a conclusion of the studies on the three forms of assessment was that all have certain limitations. Strengths and weaknesses of the different assessment forms were discussed.
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| 76. |
- Jonsson, Agneta, 1958
(författare)
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Att skapa läroplan för de yngsta barnen i förskolan. Barns perspektiv och nuets didaktik : Creating curriculum for the youngest children in preschool. Children's perspectives and didactics of the present moment
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis takes as one point of departure the concept of the expanded curriculum where curricula encompass both the formal steering documents, as well as that which goes on within the framework of preschool education and through the actors in preschools. The overarching purpose is therefore to generate knowledge about what conditions for learning the work of teachers make possible when curricula are created in preschool settings for children aged between 1 and 3. The purpose is also to contribute with knowledge about what these created curricula would mean for children’s agency, and the importance they can have for children’s opportunities for learning and development. The three empirical studies consist of digitally recorded interviews with teachers and video observations with a focus on teachers’ communication with children in preschool. The discussion in the overarching text is constructed around three aspects that emerge in the overall results of the studies. First, the studies reveal how teachers’ work can be likened to a limiting curriculum which, on the one hand, is entirely child-centered, with the children as seen actors, but, on the other, can be interpreted as entirely teacher-centered. Secondly, there is the discussion about the affirmative curriculum, where children are presented as affirmed actors. In other words, content becomes those things that children are interested in, and their modes of expression are seen, affirmed and often repeated. Finally there is the discussion about the possibilities and dilemmas related to an expanding curriculum where children are regarded and treated as real actors in the sense that their intentions and expressions are taken seriously as relevant challenges. The current curriculum text for Swedish preschool can, in this sense, be seen as an obstacle in that its formulations are extremely broad-based, as discussed related to the results of this thesis.
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| 77. |
- Jonsson, Linus, 1986
(författare)
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An empowerment-based school physical activity intervention with adolescents in a disadvantaged community: A transformative mixed methods investigation
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is important for the health of adolescents to engage in regular physical activity. The majority of adolescents do not, however, engage in sufficient physical activity to meet contemporary guidelines, and adolescents of low socioeconomic status appear to be less physically active compared to adolescents of high socioeconomic status. As such, the overall aim of this thesis is twofold. First, the thesis aims to gain insight into adolescents’, from a multicultural community of low socioeconomic status, views on physical activity. Second, the thesis aims to describe and problematize the development and implementation of an empowerment-based school intervention, in a Swedish multicultural community of low socioeconomic status, and to evaluate the effects of the intervention focusing on basic needs satisfaction, motivation, and objectively measured physical activity. This compilation thesis is based on four papers and is written within the ‘How-to-Act?’-project which has its starting point in a two-year empowerment-based school intervention. For the purpose of the ‘How-to-Act?’-project, one intervention school (n=54 7th graders) and two control schools (n=60 7th graders), situated in a multicultural area of low socioeconomic status in Gothenburg, were recruited. For paper I and II, focus group interviews were conducted with adolescents (n=53) in the intervention school, before implementation of the intervention, to illuminate what they convey concerning factors that facilitate respectively undermine their physical activity. Paper III describes and problematizes the development and implementation of the empowerment-based school intervention, which was continuously developed and implemented through cooperation and shared decision making, focusing on physical activity. For paper IV physical activity was measured with accelerometers and basic needs satisfaction and motivation through questionnaires at baseline (7th grade), midpoint (8th grade), and endpoint (9th grade), to evaluate the effects of the intervention. On the one hand, the adolescents’ voices illuminated that, within their environment, it is difficult to establish healthy physical activity habits. More specifically, the adolescents expressed a profound awareness of tempting screen-based activities as undermining their physical activity, and several stereotypical gender norms were highlighted as undermining the girls’ physical activity. On the other hand, the adolescents mentioned that they enjoyed engaging in physical activity. According to the adolescents, enjoyment related to physical activity was promoted through variation and options, experiencing and developing physical skills, and the presence of peers. The adolescents also suggested that social support facilitated their physical activity, and proposed some ideas on how the school could become more supportive of their physical activity. Through the empowerment-based school intervention, the adolescents were offered opportunities to engage in a variety of physical activities and to assess and critically reflect upon health-related information and recommendations. Further, the intervention involved the adolescents in the decision-making process and thus, arguably, facilitated participation and empowerment. Nonetheless, the development and implementation of the intervention led to a number of ethical dilemmas that required cautious consideration. During the course of the two-year intervention, there was a credible decrease in controlled motivation, autonomous motivation, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. There were no credible effects of the intervention on controlled motivation, autonomous motivation, or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Future school-based physical activity interventions, in multicultural areas of low socioeconomic status, are recommended to include multidimensional intervention approaches across contexts to counteract the decline in physical activity during adolescence and to achieve lasting change in adolescents’ physical activity.
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| 78. |
- Knutsson, Beniamin, 1974
(författare)
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Curriculum in the Era of Global Development - Historical Legacies and Contemporary Approaches
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the last decade there has been an avalanche of policies and political rhetoric worldwide, stressing the importance of equitable and sustainable global development. The Swedish Government’s response has been the inception of a coherent Policy for Global Development (PGD). In the aftermath of these policy reorientations, a renewed interest in how school curricula should respond to the global challenges of our time has emerged. In Sweden, one obvious effect has been an increasing prevalence of programmes, subjects, courses and projects where global development issues constitute a central knowledge content. This knowledge content constitutes the object of study in this dissertation and throughout it is referred to as global education. Despite the invigoration of global education in recent years it is not a new phenomenon in the Swedish curriculum. There is in fact a tradition that can be traced back to the 1960s. Yet, global education in Sweden has been relatively neglected by didactic research and this thesis attempts to redress some of this neglect. The thesis is based on two basic assumptions. Firstly, that the historical place and character of global education in the curriculum can only be understood in relation to the evolution of Swedish development cooperation. Secondly, that the curriculum should primarily be understood as a political, rather than pedagogical, problem. The overall aim of the thesis is to examine historical legacies of, and contemporary approaches to, global education in the Swedish school system. The thesis is composed of three sub-studies. The first is a desk-study, which outlines the intellectual history of development (1945-2008) with some specific references to Swedish development cooperation. The second sub-study sketches the history of global education in Sweden (1962-2008) based on documentary research and interviews with 15 informants. The third, contemporary, sub-study exposes different ways of conceptualizing and approaching global education by means of constructing a five-fold didactic typology based on interviews with 15 upper secondary school teachers. Through abductive data-theory interplay, the dissertation has further developed a theoretical and conceptual apparatus largely inspired by development theory and curriculum theory. The dissertation can be thought of as a didactic contribution in its entirety. However, breaking it down, five basic contributions can be discerned. Firstly, a conceptual contribution is offered through the introduction of a new operational definition of global education. Secondly, some theoretical contributions are offered via the abductive process. Thirdly, a historiographic contribution is offered through the comprehensive history of global education in Sweden. Fourthly, contributions of relevance to professional practice are offered through the construction of a didactic typology and through critical input as regards Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Finally, a few policy-relevant contributions are offered in terms of critical reflections regarding Sida’s information work, PGD, ESD, and international exchange programmes in the education sector.
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| 79. |
- Kullberg, Angelika, 1969
(författare)
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What is taught and what is learned. Professional insights gained and shared by teachers of mathematics
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the thesis is to contribute to knowledge about relationships between teaching and learning in school. The framework used in this research, variation theory, states that, to improve student learning, attention must be paid to what is being learned, the capability that is to be improved and the features (critical features) that it is necessary for the learner to discern. The studies reported here focus on the significance of critical features and are based on two ‘learning studies’ in mathematics, one of the density of rational numbers and one of the addition and subtraction of negative numbers. In a learning study, teachers work together with design, analysis and revision of their teaching of a single lesson with the aim of enhancing students’ learning by gaining insight about features that are assumed to be critical and enacting them in their teaching. The question answered in this research is whether the insight gained in the learning studies about critical features can be shared by other teachers and used to enhance other students’ learning. Two studies based on the previous studies were carried out together with a total of eight teachers and sixteen groups of students. Each teacher enacted two lessons with different conditions in terms of the critical features made use of. The lessons were video recorded and analysed with respect to which critical features were enacted in the lessons and what the students learned as indicated in pre and post tests. It is suggested that the critical features were transferable in two regards, in terms of student learning and in terms of a means of communication that could be shared among teachers. It was indicated that the critical features that were enacted in the teaching constrained what it was possible to experience in the classroom and what students learned. What was taught seemed to be reflected in what the students learned. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that it was not sufficient to simply name the critical features to the students; it seems that they must be discerned in order for learning to take place. It was found that the teachers made use of the critical features that were identified by other teachers in a learning study as a means to plan and teach lessons. This suggests that teachers can make use of the notion of critical features in their own teaching to enhance student learning.
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| 80. |
- Kultti, Anne, 1976
(författare)
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Flerspråkiga barn i förskolan: Villkor för deltagande och lärande
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this research was to study the learning conditions in preschool that support young multilingual children’s language and communicative development, and their participation in activities. A sociocultural theoretical approach provides a means to understand the dynamics of children’s learning and development within a strong theoretical framework. Analytical foci used in this research included: activity, activity systems, participation, ZPD, scaffolding, interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and artefacts. An ethnographical and interaction analytic approach was used to study the preschool environment as a context for learning through child-initiated play activities and teacher-led group activities. Play, mealtime, singing, and story time activities in eight preschools were analysed through the experiences of ten multilingual children (aged 1.7 to 2.11 years). The findings show that play, mealtime, singing, and story time are a part of regular and recurring patterns of the activity system. Pedagogy; organising of activities in time; spatial and social organisation; play materials and other physical artefacts contributed to creating conditions for children’s communication and language learning. Preschool is an environment where Swedish is the dominant language of communication. From an early age, children make a distinction about what language should be used in any particular context. Languages, other than Swedish, were largely invisible in the preschools studied. There was considerable space for varied individual participation in the activities. The specific nature of this activity system implies that there are opportunities for children to participate in a range of activities with others and also to manage or change their level of participation. The activities offered different resources (other than verbal communications) for participation, such as repetition of actions, use of artefacts and involvement in music. Participation in Swedish by each child was not demanded. Differences in children’s language skills did not therefore constitute a barrier to participation in most activities. However, how effectively the learning resources were used depended on the teachers’ scaffolding. Focusing on the preschool activities and the communication opportunities provides new perspectives for understanding young multilingual children in preschool and the preschool as institutional practice. Additionally, the study provides knowledge about how to use scaffolding as a tool for learning in multilingual contexts.
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