| 1. |
- Andersson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
THE INDIVIDUAL WELFARE COSTS OF STAY-AT-HOME POLICIES
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper reports the results of a choice experiment designed to estimate the private welfare costs of stay-at-home policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is conducted on a large and representative sample of the Swedish population. The results suggest that the welfare cost of a one-month stay-at-home policy, restricting non-working hours away from home, amounts to 9.1 percent of qSweden's monthly GDP. The cost can be interpreted as 29,600 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which roughly corresponds to between 3,700 and 8,000 COVID-19 fatalities. Moreover, we find that stricter and longer lockdowns are disproportionately more costly than more lenient ones. This result indicates that strict stay-at-home policies are likely to be cost-effective only if they slow the spread of the disease much more than more lenient ones.
|
|
| 2. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
-
Inequality Aversion, Externalities, and Pareto-Efficient Income Taxation
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes Pareto-efficient marginal income taxation taking into account externalities induced through individual inequality aversion, meaning that people have preferences for equality. In doing so, we distinguish between four different and widely used models of inequality aversion. The results show that empirically and experimentally quantified degrees of inequality aversion have potentially very strong implications for Pareto-efficient marginal income taxation. It also turns out that the type of inequality aversion (self-centered vs. non-self-centered), and the specific measures of inequality used, matter a great deal. For example, based on simulation results mimicking the disposable income distribution in the U.S., the preferences suggested by Fehr and Schmidt (1999) imply monotonically increasing marginal income taxes, with large negative marginal tax rates for low-income individuals and large positive marginal tax rates for high-income ones. In contrast, the in many respects comparable model by Bolton and Ockenfels (2000) implies close to zero marginal income tax rates for all.
|
|
| 3. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
Food labels: how consumers value moral, environmental, and health aspects of meat consumption
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Policy changes could improve health and environmental outcomes by addressing the many externalities and internalities related to food consumption. Using a stated preference approach, we investigate to what extent consumers are willing to make costlier food consumption choices if doing so contributes to decrease environmental externalities, health damages, and animal suffering. We find a considerable willingness to pay for some aspects of the food bought. People are willing to pay an additional 50% for a product if it carries a label declaring that the product meets the highest available standards in terms of healthiness, animal welfare, and antibiotics use, respectively. The willingness to pay for a climate impact label is also sizeable but smaller. We compare a traffic-light label with a plain-text label and a grey-scale label in order to disentangle the effects of introducing labels Our results are mixed, suggesting that a traffic-light label has both normative and cognitive effects on behavior.
|
|
| 4. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
-
The Climate Decade: Changing Attitudes on Three Continents
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examine how attitudes and willingness to pay (WTP) for climate policies have changed over the past decade in the United States, China, and Sweden. All three countries exhibit an increased willingness to pay for climate mitigation. Ten years ago, Sweden had a larger fraction of believers in anthropogenic climate change and a higher WTP for mitigation, but today the national averages are more similar. Although we find convergence in public support for climate policy across countries, there is considerable divergence in climate attitudes and preferences within countries, particularly the United States. Political polarization explains part of this divergence.
|
|
| 5. |
- Dzemski, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
-
Convergence rate of estimators of clustered panel models with misclassification
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We study kmeans clustering estimation of panel data models with a latent group structure and N units and T time periods under long panel asymptotics. We show that the group-speci c coe cients can be estimated at the parametric root NT rate even if error variances diverge as T ! 1 and some units are asymptotically misclassi ed. This limit case approximates empirically relevant settings and is not covered by existing asymptotic results.
|
|
| 6. |
- Ek, Claes, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
Does teaching school children about recycling reduce household waste?
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Reduced waste generation is a prioritized environmental policy objective in the EU as well as worldwide. We perform a randomized controlled trial in Sweden with school children aged 10-16 to evaluate an intervention designed to reduce household waste, Environmental Education Programs (EEP). Crucially, we are able to examine the causal e ect of a wastethemed EEP on the actual waste generated in households where a child was treated. This is done by coupling the addresses of participating students with high-resolution address-level panel data on collected waste amounts, supplied by municipal waste authorities. Our design allows identi cation of the di erential e ect of the EEP on waste generation in treated versus control households. We nd no signi cant evidence that the intervention had any e ect on waste generation. There is also no indication that this null result is due to interference between treated and control students.
|
|
| 7. |
- Heursen, Lea, et al.
(författare)
-
Are women less effective leaders than men? Evidence from experiments using coordination games
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We study whether one reason behind female underrepresentation in leadership is that female leaders are less effective at coordinating action by followers. Two experiments using coordination games investigate whether female leaders are less successful than males in persuading followers to coordinate on efficient equilibria. Group performance hinges on higher-order beliefs about the leader’s capacity to convince followers to pursue desired actions, making beliefs that women are less effective leaders potentially self-confirming. We find no evidence that such bias impacts actual leadership performance, identifying a precisely-estimated null effect. We show that this absence of an effect is surprising given experts’ priors.
|
|
| 8. |
- Ho, Thong, et al.
(författare)
-
Celebrity Endorsement in Promoting Pro-Environmental Behavior
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We conduct a natural field experiment on the effect of having a celebrity endorse an information campaign aiming to induce pro-environmental behavior in the context of single-use plastics consumption. We find that an information campaign does not have a significant effect on behavior unless it is endorsed by a celebrity. Subjects in the treatment with a combination of information campaign and celebrity endorsement use around 25% fewer plastic items compared with subjects in the control group. Adding a pledge to the endorsement does not result in an incremental reduction in the use of plastic items. Exploratory analysis suggests that the information campaign itself affect attitudes, but not behavior, and that it is the celebrity endorsement itself that affect behavior.
|
|
| 9. |
- Maican, Florin G., 1975, et al.
(författare)
-
Determinants of Economies of Scope in Retail
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper studies the determinants of economies of scope and quantifies their impact on the extensive and intensive product margins in retail. We use a framework based on a multiproduct technology to model stores’ incentives to expand product variety. Using novel Swedish data on product categories and stores, we find that high-productivity stores offer more product categories and sell more of all product categories. Stores with high demand shocks specialize in fewer product categories and sell more top-selling product categories. Policy simulations show that investments in technology increase the extensive and intensive product margins, especially benefitting stores in urban markets because of their productivity advantage. Learning from demand to increase productivity and variety is crucial in rural markets. Reducing the role of uncertainty in both productivity and demand shocks endorses product variety and raises sales and market share.
|
|
| 10. |
- Maican, Florin G., 1975, et al.
(författare)
-
The Dynamic Impact of Exporting on Firm R&D Investment
- 2020
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This article estimates a dynamic structural model of rm R&D investment in twelve Swedish manufacturing industries and uses it to measure rates of return to R&D and to simulate the impact of trade restrictions on the investment incentives. R&D spending is found to have a larger impact on rm productivity in the export market than in the domestic market. Export market pro ts are a substantial source of the expected return to R&D. Counterfactual simulations show that trade restrictions lower both the expected return to R&D and R&D investment level, thus reducing an important source of the dynamic gains from trade. A 20 percent tari on Swedish exports reduces the expected bene ts of R&D by an average of 32.2 percent and lowers the amount of R&D spending by 13.9 percent in the high-tech industries. The corresponding reductions in the low-tech industries are 30.4 and 8.9 percent, respectively. R&D adjustments in response to export tari s mainly occur on the intensive, rather than the extensive, margin.
|
|
