| 1. |
- Haveman, Heather, et al.
(författare)
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How Entrepreneurship Evolves : The Founders of New Magazines in America, 1741–1860
- 2012
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Ingår i: Administrative Science Quarterly. - : Sage Publications. - 0001-8392 .- 1930-3815. ; 57:4, s. 585-624
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We craft a historically sensitive model of entrepreneurship linking individual actors to the evolving social structures they must navigate to acquire resources and launch new ventures. Theories of entrepreneurship and industry evolution suggest two opposing hypotheses: as an industry develops, launching a new venture may become more difficult for all but industry insiders and the socially prominent because of competition from large incumbents, or it may become easier for all people because the legitimacy accorded to the industry simplifies the entrepreneurial task. To test these two conflicting claims, we study the American magazine industry from 1741 to 1860. We find that magazine publishing was originally restricted to publishing-industry insiders, professionals, and the highly educated, but most later founders came from outside publishing and more were of middling stature. Gains by entrepreneurs from the social periphery, however, were uneven: most were doctors and clergy without college degrees in small urban areas; magazines founded by industry insiders remained predominant in the industry centers. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of grounding studies of entrepreneurship in historical context. It also shows that entrepreneurship scholars must attend to temporal shifts within the focal industry and in society at large.
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| 2. |
- Jonsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Undeserved Loss : The Spread of Legitimacy Loss to Innocent Organizations in Response to Reported Corporate Deviance
- 2009
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Ingår i: Administrative Science Quarterly. - Ithaca, N.Y. : Graduate School of Business and Public Administration, Cornell University. - 0001-8392 .- 1930-3815. ; 54:2, s. 195-228
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper theorizes about why discoveries of corporate deviance that damage the legitimacy of the responsible organization may also have consequences for other organizations. We propose that audiences generalize from deviance by one organization to others that are similar. The result is a withdrawal from transactions even from non-culpable organizations as audiences seek to avoid organizations that they associate with a deviant act. We show that two scandals involving Skandia AB, a Swedish insurance firm that had a subsidiary offering mutual funds, affected mutual fund providers owned by other insurance firms in 2000--2004, as well as mutual fund subsidiaries of other firms with similar characteristics. The effect was greatest for firms more similar to Skandia and firms owning real estate, which was the context for one of the scandals. Thus audience members' categorization rules lead to spread of legitimacy loss in response to an isolated act of organizational deviance.
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