| 1. |
- Brown, Allison, et al.
(författare)
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Ultrafast Electron Transfer between Dye and Catalyst on a Mesoporous NiO Surface
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 26, s. 8060-8063
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The combination of molecular dyes and catalysts with semiconductors into dye-sensitized solar fuel devices (DSSFDs) requires control of efficient interfacial and surface charge transfer between the components. The present study reports on the light-induced electron transfer processes of p-type NiO films cosensitized with coumarin C343 and a bioinspired proton reduction catalyst, [FeFe](mcbdt)(CO)(6) (mcbdt = 3-carboxybenzene-1,2-dithiolate). By transient optical spectroscopy we find that ultrafast interfacial electron transfer (tau approximate to 200 fs) from NiO to the excited C343 ("hole injection") is followed by rapid (t(1/2) approximate to 10 ps) and efficient surface electron transfer from C343 to the coadsorbed [FeFe] (mcbdt)(CO)(6). The reduced catalyst has a clear spectroscopic signature that persists for several tens of microseconds, before charge recombination with NiO holes occurs. The demonstration of rapid surface electron transfer from dye to catalyst on NiO, and the relatively long lifetime of the resulting charge separated state, suggests the possibility to use these systems for photocathodes on. DSSFDs.
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| 2. |
- Castner, Ashleigh T., et al.
(författare)
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Microscopic Insights into Cation-Coupled Electron HoppingTransport in a Metal-Organic Framework br
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 144:13, s. 5910-5920
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electron transport through metal-organic frameworks by ahopping mechanism between discrete redox active sites is coupled to diffusion-migration of charge-balancing counter cations. Experimentally determinedapparent diffusion coefficients,Deapp, that characterize this form of chargetransport thus contain contributions from both processes. While this is wellestablished for MOFs, microscopic descriptions of this process are largelylacking. Herein, we systematically lay out different scenarios for cation-coupledelectron transfer processes that are at the heart of charge diffusion throughMOFs. Through systematic variations of solvents and electrolyte cations, it isshown that theDeappfor charge migration through a PIZOF-type MOF,Zr(dcphOH-NDI) that is composed of redox-active naphthalenediimide(NDI) linkers, spans over 2 orders of magnitude. More importantly, however,the microscopic mechanisms for cation-coupled electron propagation arecontingent on differing factors depending on the size of the cation and its propensity to engage in ion pairs with reduced linkers,either non-specifically or in defined structural arrangements. Based on computations and in agreement with experimental results, weshow that ion pairing generally has an adverse effect on cation transport, thereby slowing down charge transport. In Zr(dcphOH-NDI), however, specific cation-linker interactions can open pathways for concerted cation-coupled electron transfer processes thatcan outcompete limitations from reduced cationflux.
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| 3. |
- Castner, Ashleigh T., et al.
(författare)
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Mimicking the Electron Transport Chain and Active Site of [FeFe] Hydrogenases in One Metal-Organic Framework : Factors That Influence Charge Transport
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 143:21, s. 7991-7999
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- [FeFe] hydrogenase (H2ase) enzymes are effective proton reduction catalysts capable of forming molecular dihydrogen with a high turnover frequency at low overpotential. The active sites of these enzymes are buried within the protein structures, and substrates required for hydrogen evolution (both protons and electrons) are shuttled to the active sites through channels from the protein surface. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) provide a unique platform for mimicking such enzymes due to their inherent porosity which permits substrate diffusion and their structural tunability which allows for the incorporation of multiple functional linkers. Herein, we describe the preparation and characterization of a redox-active PCN-700-based MOF (PCN = porous coordination network) that features both a biomimetic model of the [FeFe] H2ase active site as well as a redox-active linker that acts as an electron mediator, thereby mimicking the function of [4Fe4S] clusters in the enzyme. Rigorous studies on the dual-functionalized MOF by cyclic voltammetry (CV) reveal similarities to the natural system but also important limitations in the MOF-enzyme analogy. Most importantly, and in contrast to the enzyme, restrictions apply to the total concentration of reduced linkers and charge-balancing counter cations that can be accommodated within the MOF. Successive charging of the MOF results in nonideal interactions between linkers and restricted mobility of charge-compensating redox-inactive counterions. Consequently, apparent diffusion coefficients are no longer constant, and expected redox features in the CVs of the materials are absent. Such nonlinear effects may play an important role in MOFs for (electro)catalytic applications.
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| 4. |
- Esfandiarfard, Keyhan, et al.
(författare)
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Unsymmetrical E-Alkenes from the Stereoselective Reductive Coupling of Two Aldehydes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 139:8, s. 2940-2943
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The unprecedented formation of unsymmetrical alkenes from the intermolecular reductive coupling of two different aldehydes is described. In contrast to the McMurry reaction which affords statistical product mixtures, selectivity in the reported procedure is achieved by a sequential ionic mechanism in which a first aldehyde is reacted with a phosphanylphosphonate to afford a phosphaalkene intermediate which, upon activation by hydroxide, reacts with a second aldehyde to the unsymmetrical E-alkenes. The described reaction is free of transition metals and proceeds under ambient temperature within minutes in good to excellent overall yields. It is a new methodology to use feedstock aldehydes for the direct production of C=C double bond-containing products and may impact how chemists think of multistep synthetic sequences in the future.
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| 5. |
- Gardner, James M, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Light-Driven Electron Transfer between a Photosensitizer and a Proton-Reducing Catalyst Co-adsorbed to NiO
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 134:47, s. 19322-19325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While intermolecular hole-hopping along the surface of semiconductors is known, there are no previous examples of electron-hopping between molecules on a surface. Herein, we present the first evidence of electron transfer from the photoreduced sensitizer Coumarin-343 (C343) to complex 1, both bound on the surface of NiO. In solution, 1 has been shown to be a mononuclear Fe-based proton-reducing catalyst. The reduction of 1 is reversible and occurs within 50 ns after excitation of C343. Interfacial recombination between the reduced 1(-) and NiO hole occurs on a 100 µs time scale by non-exponential kinetics. The observed process is the first essential step in the photosensitized generation of H2 from a molecular catalyst in the absence of a sacrificial donor reagent.
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| 6. |
- Glover, Starla D., et al.
(författare)
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Isolating the Effects of the Proton Tunneling Distance on Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in a Series of Homologous Tyrosine-Base Model Compounds
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 139:5, s. 2090-2101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The distance dependence of concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions was probed in a series of three new compounds, where a phenol is covalently bridged by a 5, 6, or 7 membered carbocycle to the quinoline. The carbocycle bridge enforces the change in distance between the phenol oxygen (proton donor) and quinoline nitrogen (proton acceptor), d(O center dot center dot center dot N), giving rise to values ranging from 2.567 to 2.8487 angstrom, and resulting in calculated proton tunneling distances, r(0), that span 0.719 to 1.244 angstrom. Not only does this series significantly extend the range of distances that has been previously accessible for experimental distance dependent PCET studies of synthetic model compounds, but it also greatly improves the isolation of d(O center dot center dot center dot N) as a variable compared to earlier reports. Rates of PCET were determined by time-resolved optical spectroscopy with flash-quench generated [Ru(bpy)(3)](3+) and [Ru(dce)(3)](3+), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl and dce = 4,4'-dicarboxyethylester-2,2'-bipyridyl. The rates increased as d(O center dot center dot center dot N) decreased, as can be expected from a static proton tunneling model. An exponential attenuation of the PCET rate constant was found: k(PCET)(d) = k(PCET)(0)exp[-beta(d-d(0))], with beta similar to 10 angstrom(-1). The observed kinetic isotope effect (KIE = k(H)/k(D)) ranged from 1.2 to 1.4, where the KIE was observed to decrease slightly with increasing d(O center dot center dot center dot N). Both beta and KIE values are significantly smaller than what is predicted by a static proton tunneling model. We conclude that vibrational compression of the tunneling distances, as well as higher vibronic transitions, that contribute to concerted proton coupled electron transfer must also be considered.
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| 7. |
- Johnson, Ben A., et al.
(författare)
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Development of a UiO-Type Thin Film Electrocatalysis Platform with Redox-Active Linkers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 140:8, s. 2985-2994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as electrocatalysis scaffolds are appealing due to the large concentration of catalytic units that can be assembled in three dimensions. To harness the full potential of these materials, charge transport to the redox catalysts within the MOF has to be ensured. Herein, we report the first electroactive MOF with the UiO/PIZOF topology (Zr(dcphOH-NDI)), i.e., one of the most widely used MOFs for catalyst incorporation, by using redox-active naphthalene diimide-based linkers (dcphOH-NDI). Hydroxyl groups were included on the dcphOH-NDI linker to facilitate proton transport through the material. Potentiometric titrations of Zr(dcphOH-NDI) show the proton-responsive behavior via the −OH groups on the linkers and the bridging Zr-μ3-OH of the secondary building units with pKa values of 6.10 and 3.45, respectively. When grown directly onto transparent conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), 1 μm thin films of Zr(dcphOH-NDI)@FTO could be achieved. Zr(dcphOH-NDI)@FTO displays reversible electrochromic behavior as a result of the sequential one-electron reductions of the redox-active NDI linkers. Importantly, 97% of the NDI sites are electrochemically active at applied potentials. Charge propagation through the thin film proceeds through a linker-to-linker hopping mechanism that is charge-balanced by electrolyte transport, giving rise to cyclic voltammograms of the thin films that show characteristics of a diffusion-controlled process. The equivalent diffusion coefficient, De, that contains contributions from both phenomena was measured directly by UV/vis spectroelectrochemistry. Using KPF6 as electrolyte, De was determined to be De(KPF6) = (5.4 ± 1.1) × 10–11 cm2 s–1, while an increase in countercation size to n-Bu4N+ led to a significant decrease of De by about 1 order of magnitude (De(n-Bu4NPF6) = (4.0 ± 2.5) × 10–12 cm2 s–1).
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| 8. |
- Johnson, Ben A., et al.
(författare)
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Transport Phenomena : Challenges and Opportunities for Molecular Catalysis in Metal-Organic Frameworks
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 142:28, s. 11941-11956
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are appealing heterogeneous support matrices that can stabilize molecular catalysts for the electrochemical conversion of small molecules. However, moving from a homogeneous environment to a porous film necessitates the transport of both charge and substrate to the catalytic sites in an efficient manner. This presents a significant challenge in the application of such materials at scale, since these two transport phenomena (charge and mass transport) would need to operate faster than the intrinsic catalytic rate in order for the system to function efficiently. Thus, understanding the fundamental kinetics of MOF-based molecular catalysis of electrochemical reactions is of crucial importance. In this Perspective, we quantitatively dissect the interplay between the two transport phenomena and the catalytic reaction rate by applying models from closely related fields to MOF-based catalysis. The identification of the limiting process provides opportunities for optimization that are uniquely suited to MOFs due to their tunable molecular structure. This will help guide the rational design of efficient and high-performing catalytic MOF films with incorporated molecular catalyst for electrochemical energy conversion.
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| 9. |
- Leidel, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Electronic Structure of an [FeFe] Hydrogenase Model Complex in Solution Revealed by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Using Narrow-Band Emission Detection
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 134:34, s. 14142-14157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-resolution X-ray absorption spectroscopy with narrow-band X-ray emission detection, supported by density functional theory calculations (XAES-DFT), was used to study a model complex, ([Fe-2(mu-adt)(CO)(4)(PMe3)(2)] (1, adt = S-CH2-(NCH2Ph)-CH2-S), of the [FeFe] hydrogenase active site. For 1 in powder material (1(powder)), in MeCN solution (1'), and in its three protonated states (1H, 1Hy, 1HHy; H denotes protonation at the adt-N and Hy protonation of the Fe-Fe bond to form a bridging metal hydride), relations between the molecular structures and the electronic configurations were determined. EXAFS analysis and DFT geometry optimization suggested prevailing rotational isomers in MeCN, which were similar to the crystal structure or exhibited rotation of the (CO) ligands at Fe1 (1(CO), 1Hy(CO)) and in addition of the phenyl ring (1H(CO,ph), 1HHy(CO,ph)), leading to an elongated solvent-exposed Fe-Fe bond. Isomer formation, adt-N protonation, and hydride binding caused spectral changes of core-to-valence (pre-edge of the Fe K-shell absorption) and of valence-to-core (K beta(2,5) emission) electronic transitions, and of K alpha RIXS data, which were quantitatively reproduced by DFT. The study reveals (1) the composition of molecular orbitals, for example, with dominant Fe-d character, showing variations in symmetry and apparent oxidation state at the two Fe ions and a drop in MO energies by similar to 1 eV upon each protonation step, (2) the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, of similar to 2.3 eV for 1(powder) and similar to 2.0 eV for 1', and (3) the splitting between iron d(z(2)) and d(x(2-)y(2)) levels of similar to 0.5 eV for the nonhydride and similar to 0.9 eV for the hydride states. Good correlations of reduction potentials to LUMO energies and oxidation potentials to HOMO energies were obtained. Two routes of facilitated bridging hydride binding thereby are suggested, involving ligand rotation at Fe1 for 1Hy(CO) or adt-N protonation for 1HHy(CO,ph). XAES-DFT thus enables verification of the effects of ligand substitutions in solution for guided improvement of [FeFe] catalysts.
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| 10. |
- Liu, Tianfei, et al.
(författare)
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Elucidating Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Mechanisms of Metal Hydrides with Free Energy- and Pressure-Dependent Kinetics
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 141:43, s. 17245-17259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) was studied in a series of tungsten hydride complexes with pendant pyridyl arms ([(PyCH2Cp)WH(CO)(3)], PyCH2Cp = pyridyl methyl cyclopentadienyl), triggered by laser flash-generated Ru-III-tris-bipyridine oxidants, in acetonitrile solution. The free energy dependence of the rate constant and the kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) showed that the PCET mechanism could be switched between concerted and the two stepwise PCET mechanisms (electron-first or proton-first) in a predictable fashion. Straightforward and general guidelines for how the relative rates of the different mechanisms depend on oxidant and base are presented. The rate of the concerted reaction should depend symmetrically on changes in oxidant and base strength, that is on the overall Delta G(PCET)(0), and we argue that an "asynchronous" behavior would not be consistent with a model where the electron and proton tunnel from a common transition state. The observed rate constants and KIEs were examined as a function of hydrostatic pressure (1-2000 bar) and were found to exhibit qualitatively different dependence on pressure for different PCET mechanisms. This is discussed in terms of different volume profiles of the PCET mechanisms as well as enhanced proton tunneling for the concerted mechanism. The results allowed for assignment of the main mechanism operating in the different cases, which is one of the critical questions in PCET research. They also show how the rate of a PCET reaction will be affected very differently by changes of oxidant and base strength, depending on which mechanism dominates. This is of fundamental interest as well as of practical importance for rational design of, for example, catalysts for fuel cells and solar fuel formation, which operate in steps of PCET reactions. The mechanistic richness shown by this system illustrates that the specific mechanism is not intrinsic to a specific synthetic catalyst or enzyme active site but depends on the reaction conditions.
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