| 1. |
- Fialko, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Applicability Of A Cognitive Model Of Worry To Children And Adolescents
- 2012
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Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-622X .- 0005-7967. ; 50, s. 341-349
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Intolerance of uncertainly (IU), cognitive avoidance (CA) and positive beliefs about worry (PB) independently predict worry frequency in older adolescents and adults, and when targeted together in treatment produce significant reductions in both worry and anxiety in this age range. The present study addresses a gap in the literature by testing whether a cognitive model of excessive worry and anxiety incorporating these process variables is applicable to children and adolescents. Method: Primary and secondary school students (n=515; aged 7-19 years) completed modified self-report measures of worry frequency, anxiety, IU, CA and PB and a path analysis undertaken to test whether IU was a higher order variable for CA and PB and whether the relationship between IU/CA/PB and anxiety was mediated by worry frequency. Results: Significant (bivariate) correlations were observed between the measures of IU, PB, CA, worry and anxiety across the age range. However separate path models had to be fitted for children (aged 7-12 years) and adolescents (aged 13-19) with PB being dropped from the child model. CA was related to anxiety only through worry in children while IU showed direct paths to worry and anxiety in both children and adolescents. Conclusions: Cognitive models of persistent worry in adults and older adolescents may, with some modification, have applicability to children. Further testing and refinement of these cognitive models of worry may lead to improvements in existing treatments for anxious youth.
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| 2. |
- Nilsson, Jan-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Imagery rescripting of early memories in social anxiety disorder: An experimental study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-622X .- 0005-7967. ; 50:6, s. 387-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedNTRODUCTION: Evidence suggests that negative self imagery plays an important role in social anxiety disorder (SAD) as a maintaining factor, and that early memories of traumatic experiences are linked to recurrent catastrophic images. Previous research has showed that cognitive restructuring combined with imagery rescripting of these memories may affect recurrent images resulting in less imagery distress and less anxiety in social situations. The present study replicated these effects using (a) a modified treatment with imagery rescripting without cognitive restructuring, and (b) an experimental between-groups design. METHOD: Patients with SAD (N = 14) were randomised either to imagery rescripting of early memories, or to a reading task. RESULTS: Follow-up after 1 week showed that the intervention led to significant improvements in memory and image distress, and reduced fears of negative evaluation and social interaction. DISCUSSION: The results indicate that imagery rescripting is effective even without cognitive restructuring and question the importance of the latter. However, the small sample limits the strength of the conclusions. CONCLUSION: Imagery rescripting of early distressful memories may be a powerful intervention in the treatment of SAD.
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| 3. |
- Nordh, Martina, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical, demographic and theory-derived maintaining factors as moderators of treatment outcome in internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder
- 2022
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Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) is an efficacious treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD) in youth. However, we have limited knowledge about patient characteristics that may be associated with better (or worse) treatment outcome. Particularly concerning factors suggested to be involved in the maintenance of SAD (e.g., anticipatory anxiety and post-event processing). The aim of the current study was to evaluate possible predictors and moderators of the effect of ICBT in a randomised controlled trial where children and adolescents (N = 103; 10-17 years) with SAD received either ICBT or internet-delivered supportive therapy, ISUPPORT. Examined variables were pre-treatment levels of social anxiety, depression symptoms, putative maintaining factors as well as demographic variables like age and gender. Latent growth curve models were used to examine predictors and moderators of changes in youth and clinician rated social anxiety symptoms, from pre-treatment to 3-month follow-up. Baseline depression symptoms moderated the outcome, with higher depression scores being associated with greater reduction of SAD symptoms in ICBT compared to ISUPPORT. More difficulties at baseline with anticipatory anxiety, post-event processing, focus of attention and safety behaviours predicted greater reduction of SAD symptoms, regardless of treatment condition. No other clinical or demographic variable predicted or moderated the outcome. In summary, baseline depression severity may be an important moderator of ICBT, but the preliminary finding needs replication in sufficiently powered trials.
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| 4. |
- Vernmark, Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
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Internet administered guided self-help versus individualized e-mail therapy: A randomized trial of two versions of CBT for major depression
- 2010
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Ingår i: BEHAVIOUR RESEARCH AND THERAPY. - : Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 48:5, s. 368-376
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Internet-delivered psychological treatment of major depression has been investigated in several trials, but the role of personalized treatment is less investigated. Studies suggest that guidance is important and that automated computerized programmes without therapist support are less effective. Individualized e-mail therapy for depression has not been studied in a controlled trial. Eighty-eight individuals with major depression were randomized to two different forms of Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), or to a waiting-list control group. One form of Internet treatment consisted of guided self-help, with weekly modules and homework assignments. Standard CBT components were presented and brief support was provided during the treatment. The other group received e-mail therapy, which was tailored and did not use the self-help texts i.e., all e-mails were written for the unique patient. Both treatments lasted for 8 weeks. In the guided self-help 93% completed (27/29) and in the e-mail therapy 96% (29/30) completed the posttreatment assessment. Results showed significant symptom reductions in both treatment groups with moderate to large effect sizes. At posttreatment 34.5% of the guided self-help group and 30% of the e-mail therapy group reached the criteria of high-end-state functioning (Beck Depression Inventory score below 9). At six-month follow-up the corresponding figures were 47.4% and 43.3%. Overall, the difference between guided self-help and e-mail therapy was small, but in favour of the latter. These findings indicate that both guided self-help and individualized e-mail therapy can be effective.
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| 5. |
- Wikström, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Preattentive bias for snake words in snake phobia?
- 2004
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Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-622X .- 0005-7967. ; 42:8, s. 949-970
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stroop interference and skin conductance responses (SCRs) for words related to snakes, spiders, flowers, and mushrooms were studied in a group of women (n=40) with snake phobia who were randomised to a stress or no-stress condition. The 21 low-stress snake phobics showed Stroop interference for unmasked (but not for masked) snake words, compared with 21 age- and sex-matched controls. Stroop interference was not significantly different between high-stress and low-stress snake phobics. No support for stronger SCRs for masked snake words was found in snake phobics in a lexical decision task with masked presentations of the same words. The lack of a masked Stroop interference in snake phobics suggests a possible difference in cognitive–emotional mechanisms underlying specific phobia vs. other anxiety disorders that deserves further investigation.
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| 6. |
- Wolgast, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive reappraisal and acceptance: an experimental comparison of two emotion regulation strategies
- 2011
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Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-622X .- 0005-7967. ; 49:Online 5 October 2011, s. 858-866
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of cognitive reappraisal and acceptance on subjective distress, physiological reactions and behavioral avoidance in relation to aversive emotional states elicited by film-clips. Ninety-four participants were randomized to one of three groups. The Reappraisal group was instructed to think about what they saw in a way that minimized negative emotional reactions, the Acceptance group was told to let their feelings come and go without trying to control or avoid them, while the Watch (control) group was told just to watch the film-clips. Compared to the control condition, both reappraisal and acceptance led to significant reductions of subjective distress, physiological reactions associated with aversive emotions and behavioral avoidance. On the three types of measures there were few significant differences between the Reappraisal and Acceptance groups, but when such differences existed they were to the benefit of the Reappraisal condition. In the reappraisal condition there was however a positive correlation between elicited aversive emotion and avoidance, while no such correlation existed in the acceptance condition. The results are interpreted and discussed in relation to the theories underlying reappraisal and acceptance as well as the conceptual framework for emotion regulation established by Gross (2007).
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