| 1. |
- Gälman, Veronika, et al.
(author)
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Carbon and nitrogen loss rates during aging of lake sediment : Changes over 27 years studied in varved lake sediment
- 2008
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In: Limnology and Oceanography. - Waco, Tex. : American Society of Limnology and Oceanography. - 0024-3590 .- 1939-5590. ; 53:3, s. 1076-1082
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We used a collection of ten freeze cores of annually laminated (varved) lake sediment from Nylandssjön in northern Sweden collected from 1979 to 2007 to follow the long-term loss of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) due to processes that occur in the lake bottom as sediment ages. We compared specific years in the different cores. For example, the loss of C from the surface varve of the 1979 core (sediment deposited during 1978) was followed in the cores from 1980, 1985, 1989, and so on until 2006. The C concentration of the sediment decreased by 20% and N decreased by 30% within the first five years after deposition, and after 27 yr in the sediment, there was a 23% loss of C and 35% loss of N. Because the relative loss of C with time was smaller than loss of N, the C:N ratio increased with increasing age of the sediment; the surface varves start with a ratio of ~10, which then increases to ~12.
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| 2. |
- Gälman, Veronika, et al.
(author)
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Decadal diagenetic effects on d13C and d15N studied in varved lake sediment
- 2009
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In: Limnology and Oceanography. - : Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography. - 0024-3590 .- 1939-5590. ; 54:3, s. 917-924
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To assess the long-term (27 yr) effects of sediment aging on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values (δ13C and δ15N), we used a collection of eight freeze cores of annually laminated (varved) lake sediment collected from 1979 to 2007 in Nylandssjon (northern Sweden). Previous research has shown that 20–23% of carbon and 35% of nitrogen is lost in 27 yr. Material from specific years was compared in the cores, e.g., δ13C and δ15N of the surface varve of the 1979 core was followed in cores retrieved in 1980, 1989, 1993, 2002, 2004, and 2006. δ13C increased by 0.4–1.5% during the first 5 yr. After this initial increase, only minor fluctuations were recorded. There is a good correlation between the magnitude in δ13C changes and the initial carbon and nitrogen concentrations, indicating that the initial sediment composition is important for the 13C fractionation. δ15N gradually decreased by 0.3–0.7% over the entire 27-yr period. The lack of correlation with the initial sediment composition and the gradual decrease in δ15N indicates a microbial control on δ15N change. The diagenetic changes in the stable isotope values that occur in Nylandssjon are small, but of the same magnitude as the down-core variation in the varves deposited 1950–2006. Diagenetic effects should be considered when δ13C and δ15N are used to study organic matter sources or paleoproductivity, especially when dealing with recent trends or small changes. Based on our findings, diagenetic effects for δ13C are observed during the first 5–10 yr, whereas no delimitation can be recommended for δ15N.
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| 3. |
- Gälman, Veronika, et al.
(author)
-
Decadal diagenetic effects on δ13C and δ15N studied in varved lake sediment
- 2009
-
In: Limnology and Oceanography. - : Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography. - 0024-3590 .- 1939-5590. ; 54:3, s. 905-916
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Livingstone and Imboden (1996) model for the oxygen depletion rate in lake hypolimnia was evaluated with field results in 32 lakes. The volumetric oxygen consumption rate (JV) was strongly related to lake trophic state, as represented by the growing season mean chlorophyll a (Chl a) and annual mean total phosphorus concentration, and might reach a maximum of 0.23–0.24 g O2 m-3 d-1 in eutrophic lakes. The areal oxygen consumption rate (JA) was not related to trophic state and was lower than the value estimated by the sediment core method, particularly in eutrophic lakes; the mean was 0.0816 6 0.0150 g O2 m-2 whole sediment d-1. We modified the model and it was used to confirm that the field JA, the average for the hypolimnion for the deoxygenation period, is influenced by JV and the range of sediment area to water volume ratio, (Z) (Z is water depth), in the hypolimnion, as well as the oxygen consumption rate in whole sediment (R). It was suggested that this is the reason for the difference between field and sediment core JA values. The R in 10 lakes varied from 7 to 460 g O2 m-3 whole sediment d-1. Overall, the Livingstone and Imboden model with constant JA and with a JV value derived from an empirical relationship with either measure of trophic state was considered to be a suitable condensed model for oxygen depletion in lake hypolimnia.
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