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| 2. |
- Beijer, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Effluent from drug manufacturing affects cytochrome P450 1 regulation and function in fish
- 2013
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 90:3, s. 1149-1157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have previously reported very high concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the effluent from a treatment plant receiving wastewater from about 90 bulk drug manufacturers near Hyderabad, India. The main objective of the present study was to examine how high dilutions of this effluent affect mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1 family genes and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in exposed wildlife, using the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as a model. In gill filaments exposed to diluted effluent ex vivo, EROD activity was strongly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. In a subsequent in vivo study, groups of fish were exposed (24. h) to three concentrations of effluent, 0.8%, 1.6% or 3.2%. In this experiment, EROD in gills was induced 27-, 52- or 60-fold, respectively. Accordingly, CYP1A mRNA was markedly up-regulated in gill, liver and brain of fish exposed to all three effluent concentrations. Expression of mRNA for CYP1B1 and CYP1C1 was induced in gills at all concentrations while effects on these genes in liver and brain were weak or absent. The results of a time course study suggested that most CYP1-inducing substances in the effluent were readily metabolised or excreted, because the induced EROD activity and mRNA expression decreased when the fish were transferred to clean water. Considering that CYP1 enzymes play important roles in biotransformation of endogenous and foreign compounds, the observed dual effect of the effluent on CYP1 catalytic activity and mRNA expression suggests that multiple physiological functions could be affected in exposed wildlife.
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| 3. |
- Bellas, Juan, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of medetomidine, a novel antifouling agent, on the burrowing bivalve Abra nitida (Muller)
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 65:4, s. 575-582
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of medetomidine, a novel antifouling candidate, on the burrowing bivalve Abra nitida were studied. The burrowing behaviour, sediment reworking activity and faeces production were assessed after 24 h exposure of A. nitida to sublethal concentrations of medetomidine. Medetomidine caused a significant decrease in the burrowing response and in the sediment reworking activity. The median effective concentrations (EC50) were 430 nM (86 mu g/l) and 4.4 nM (0.9 mu g/l), respectively. No effects on the faeces production were detected. Although significant effects of medetomidine on A. nitida were registered, a reversibility of the effects was observed when 24 hexposed animals were incubated in clean seawater and sediment for 24 h. Considerations relating to the future commercialisation of medetomidine for antifouling purposes are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Gustavsson, Mikael, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating the release of chemical substances from consumer products, textiles and pharmaceuticals to wastewater
- 2022
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemical emissions from households originate from a wide range of sources and results in highly diverse mixtures. This makes traditional monitoring based on analytical chemistry challenging, especially for compounds that appear in low concentrations. We therefore developed a method for predicting emissions of chemicals from households into wastewater, relying on consumption patterns from multiple data sources. The method was then used to predict the emissions of chemical preparations, chemicals leaching from textiles and prescription pharmaceuticals in Sweden. In total we predicted emissions of 2007 chemicals with a combined emission of 62,659 tonnes per year - or 18 g/person and day. Of the emitted chemicals, 2.0% (w/w) were either classified as hazardous to the environment or were both persistent and mobile. We also show that chemical emissions come from a wide range of uses and that the total emission of any individual chemical is determined primarily by its use pattern, not by the total amount used. This emphasizes the need for continuous updates and additional knowledge generation both on emission factors and excretion rates as well as a need for improved reporting on the intended use of individual chemicals. Finally, we scrutinize the model and its uncertainty and suggest areas that need improvement to increase the accuracy of future emission modelling. We conclude that emission modelling can help guide environmental monitoring and provide input into management strategies aimed at reducing the environmental effect caused by hazardous chemicals.
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| 5. |
- Lennquist, Anna, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Colour and melanophore function in rainbow trout after long term exposure to the new antifoulant medetomidine
- 2010
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 80:9, s. 1050-1055
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medetomidine is a new antifouling agent, and its effects in non-target aquatic organisms have been investigated. Earlier short-term studies in fish have shown a skin lightening response to medetomidine, but effects after chronic exposure have not been studied. In fish, the dark pigment melanin is contained within specialized cells, melanophores. Medetomidine binds to the melanophore α2-adrenoceptor, which stimulates pigment aggregation resulting in the light appearance. In the present study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was long-term exposed to 0.5 and 5.0 nM of medetomidine via water for 54 d. The fish were then photographed for paleness quantification and the images were analyzed using ImageJ analysis software. Additionally, scales were removed and used for in vitro function studies of the melanophores, monitoring the response to melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH) and subsequent medetomidine addition. The number of melanophores was also investigated. As a result of the medetomidine exposure, fish from the 5 nM treatment were significantly paler than control fish and the melanophores from these fishes were also more aggregated. Melanophores from all the treatments were functional, responding to MSH by dispersion and to subsequent medetomidine by aggregation. However, the results indicate a difference in sensitivity among treatments. The number of melanophores in the scales did not change significantly after long term exposure to medetomidine. These results suggest that the observed paleness may be reversible, even after chronic exposure.
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| 6. |
- Lignell, S., et al.
(författare)
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Environmental organic pollutants in human milk before and after weight loss
- 2016
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 159, s. 96-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are banned because they accumulate in organisms and are toxic. Lipophilic POPs are stored in maternal adipose tissue and concentrations in human milk (HM) may increase during weight loss. Our aim was to examine associations between weight loss and concentrations of chlorinated POPs in HM in lactating women participating in a weight loss study. We analysed POPs (PCB 28, PCB 153, HCB, DDE) in HM at 12 and 24 weeks postpartum from 32 women who participated in a randomized, 2 × 2 factorial trial of diet and exercise for postpartum weight loss. Participants donated milk before and after the intervention period. We examined associations between weight loss and change in POP concentrations and estimated the intake of POPs by their breastfed infants. Most (n = 27) women lost weight during intervention, 0.45 ± 0.30 kg/week (mean ± SD). Among these women, the concentration of PCB 153 in HM was significantly (p = 0.04) higher at follow-up than at baseline. Weight loss was significantly positively associated with changes in concentrations of all studied POPs (2.0-2.4% increase per percent weight loss). Estimated mean intakes of POPs (ng/day) remained stable because infant milk consumption decreased during the study period. As infants gained weight, estimated mean intakes per kg body weight decreased 17-22%. Changes in concentrations of POPs in HM correlated positively with maternal weight loss, but it is unlikely that the balance between the benefits and risks of breastfeeding will change if the weight loss is restricted to 0.5 kg per week.
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| 7. |
- Lincker, Manon, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of chlorohydrocarbon degradation pathways in aquitards using dual element compound-specific isotope measurements in aquifers
- 2022
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 303:Part 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) has been increasingly used to understand and quantify the (bio)degradation processes affecting chlorohydrocarbons in aquifer-aquitard systems. In this study, we aimed at investigating through reactive transport simulations if dual element (C, Cl) CSIA in aquifer samples can provide information about the occurring (bio)degradation pathways in the underlying aquitard. To that end, we modeled the continous dissolution of a 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TeCA) dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source in an aquifer as well as the resulting TeCA groundwater plume formation and diffusion into the underlying aquitard. The (bio)degradation of TeCA in the aquifer-aquitard system was simulated in four scenarios: TeCA biodegradation via dehydrohalogenation to trichloroethene (TCE) and TeCA dichloroelimination to dichloroethene (DCE) in the aquifer as well as in the aquitard. The simulations revealed that dual element (C, Cl) CSIA in the aquifer allows the disentanglement of whether TeCA degradation occurs in the aquifer or the aquitard and which (bio)degradation pathways occur in the aquitard. This demonstrates that chlorohydrocarbon (bio)degradation pathways in aquitards can be identified based on CSIA aquifer measurements only, which is an advantage as aquifers are easier to monitor than aquitards.
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| 8. |
- Mutafela, Richard N., 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Radiometrical and physico-chemical characterisation of contaminated glass waste from a glass dump in Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Around former glass factories in south eastern Sweden, there are dozens of dumps whose radioactivity and physico-chemical properties were not investigated previously. Thus, radiometric and physico-chemical characteristics of waste at Madesjö glass dump were studied to evaluate pre-recycling storage requirements and potential radiological and environmental risks. The material was sieved, hand-sorted, leached and scanned with X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). External dose rates and activity concentrations of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials from 238U, 232Th series and 40K were also measured coupled with a radiological risk assessment. Results showed that the waste was 95% glass and dominated by fine fractions (<11.3 mm) at 43.6%. The fine fraction had pH 7.8, 2.6% moisture content, 123 mg kg−1 Total Dissolved Solids, 37.2 mg kg−1 Dissolved Organic Carbon and 10.5 mg kg−1 fluorides. Compared with Swedish EPA guidelines, the elements As, Cd, Pb and Zn were in hazardous concentrations while Pb leached more than the limits for inert and non-hazardous wastes. With 40K activity concentration up to 3000 Bq kg−1, enhanced external dose rates of 40K were established (0.20 μSv h−1) although no radiological risk was found since both External Hazard Index (Hex) and Gamma Index (Iγ) were <1. The glass dump needs remediation and storage of the waste materials under a safe hazardous waste class ‘Bank Account’ storage cell as a secondary resource for potential future recycling. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
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| 9. |
- Olsvik, Pål A, et al.
(författare)
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Transcriptional effects of nonylphenol, bisphenol A and PBDE-47 in liver of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1298 .- 0045-6535. ; 75:3, s. 360-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The transcriptional levels of 10 genes were quantified in liver of Atlantic cod exposed to environmental relevant concentrations of three model toxicants; two alkylphenols (30 microg/L nonylphenol (NP) and 50 microg/L bisphenol A (BPA)) and one brominated flame-retardant congener (5 microg/L PBDE-47). The fish were exposed to the toxicants for 3 weeks, with n=6 in each group (a total of 24 fish were used). NP exposure produced a significant reduction of five CYPs genes (CYP1A (P<0.01), CYP2C33-like (P<0.001), CYP2Y3 (P<0.001), CYP2P1-like (P<0.01) and CYP3C1-like (P<0.01)). A significant reduction was also seen for three CYPs after BPA exposure (CYP2C33-like, CYP2Y3 and CYP3C1-like (P<0.01 for all)). PBDE-47 exposure produced a significant reduction of CYP1A, CYP2C33-like and CYP3C1-like (P<0.05 for all). The genes encoding Phase II enzymes responded in a different manner; NP exposure resulted in a 4.6-fold increase of GST pi (P<0.001), whereas BPA exposure gave no effects on these enzyme genes. PBDE-47 exposure resulted in a 3.3-fold reduction of UGT (P<0.05). No effects were seen on the antioxidant genes GSH-Px and GR for any of the three toxicants. Thus, all three toxicants seem to down regulate several CYPs, giving rise to distinct mRNA expression patterns suggesting that these toxicants act on the same receptors or via the same pathways.
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| 10. |
- Strandberg, Bo, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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An improved method for determining dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- 2018
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 198, s. 274-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many workers are occupationally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which may cause various health problems, and some PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. PAH exposure is primarily monitored by air sampling, but contamination may also occur through dermal exposure. PAHs adsorbed to the skin can be sampled by tape-stripping, but subsequent extraction of sampling tapes in organic solvent also releases diverse co-eluting substances that are difficult to remove before analysis of the PAHs by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The objective of this study was to optimise a procedure for analytical clean-up after extraction of 32 PAHs from tape-strips, by dialysis in organic solvent using semipermeable membranes. With triplicate subsamples, the developed method yields acceptable precision and repeatability for both the 32 PAHs, across the concentration range 10-160 ng per sample, and for a certified reference material (urban dust). The optimized clean-up procedure and GC/MS methodology was used to assess PAHs on skin from the lower part of the ventral side of the wrist and just below the collar bone of three firefighters and seven controls (office workers). Several gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were detected in all samples, including controls. Thus, the optimized procedure using semipermeable membranes for clean-up of tape-strip extracts can be used to assess the dermal exposure of both occupational and general populations to multiple PAHs. The results also show that both gaseous and particle-bound PAHs, including alkylated species, may be present on skin.
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