| 1. |
- Pettersson, Annelie, et al.
(författare)
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Toxicity and detoxification of Swedish detergents and softener products
- 2000
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535. ; 41:10, s. 1611-1620
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Detergents and softeners are used in large quantities and some of their ingredients are highly toxic to aquatic organisms. In the present study the acute toxicity to Daphnia magna was determined for 26 detergents and five softener Swedish products. Only one of the detergents had a 48-h EC50 > 100 mg/l. The 48-h EC50 for the other 25 detergents ranged from 4 to 85 mg/l. The 48-h EC50 for the five softeners ranged from 15 to 166 mg/l. Detoxification tests, with and without inoculum of sewage organisms, showed that all tested products were detoxified to some extent after 16 days and that the rate of detoxification was considerably higher with addition of sewage organisms. Toxicity to D. magna of the detergents and softeners, and the biotic detoxification rate was correlated with the concentration of surfactants used in formulating the products (more surfactants increased toxicity and a slower rate of detoxification). These results emphasize the importance of biological purification of domestic wastewater containing detergents and a suggested development of less toxic and more easily degradable surfactants. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Dave, Göran, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of detoxification to Daphnia magna of four pharmaceuticals and seven surfactants by activated sludge
- 2012
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535. ; 88:4, s. 459-466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pharmaceuticals are bioactive compounds generally resistant to biodegradation, which can make them problematic when they are released into nature. The use pattern for pharmaceuticals means that they are discharged into water via sewage treatment plants. Also surfactants are discharged through sewage treatment plants, primarily due to their use in detergents and shampoos and other cleaners. In this study the acute toxicity to Daphnia magna of four pharmaceuticals (ciprofloxacin, ibuprofen, paracetamol and zinc pyrithione) and seven surfactants (C8 alkyl glucoside, C6 alkyl glucoside, sodium caprylimidiopropionate, tallow-trimethyl-ammonium chloride, potassium decylphosphate, propylheptanol ethoxylate and alkylmonoethanolamide ethoxylate) was determined. Abiotic (without activated sludge bacteria) and biotic (with activated sludge bacteria) detoxification was also determined. The 24-h EC50s ranged from 2 mu g L-1 for the most toxic substance (zinc pyrithione) to 2 g L-1 for the least toxic compound (C6 alkyl glucoside). Detoxification rates determined as the ratio between initial EC50 and EC50 after 1 week in water with activated sludge bacteria ranged from 0.4 (paracetamol) to 13 (zinc pyrithione). For most of these chemicals detoxification rate decreased after 1 week, but for one (alkylmonoethanolamide ethoxylate) it increased from about 2 to 30 times after 2 weeks. Many of these chemicals were "detoxified" also abiotically at about the same rate as biotically. Further studies are needed to determine the degradation products that were precipitated (aggregated) for some of the tested chemicals. Altogether, this study has shown that there are large differences in toxicity among chemicals entering sewage treatment plants, but also that the detoxification of them can differ. Therefore, the detoxification should receive more attention in the hazard and risk assessment of chemicals entering sewage treatment plants. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Lithner, Delilah, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Leachates from plastic consumer products – Screening for toxicity with Daphnia magna
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535. ; 74:9, s. 1195-1200
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plastic products can contain chemicals that are hazardous to human health and the environment. In this study, it was investigated if various plastic products emit hazardous chemical substances to water. Two leaching methods (batch and diffusion tests) were used and the leachates were tested for acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. Nine out of 32 tested plastic product leachates had Daphnia 48-h EC50s ranging from 5 to 80 g plastic material L−1. For the remaining 23 products no effect on mobility was seen even at the highest test concentrations (70–100 g plastic material L−1). A compact disc (recordable) was the most toxic plastic product, but the toxicity was traced to the silver layer not the polycarbonate plastic material. The other products that displayed toxicity were made of either plasticised PVC (artificial leather, bath tub toy, inflatable bathing ring and table cloth) or polyurethane (artificial leather, floor coating and children’s handbag). While the Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) for compact discs using sodium thiosulfate addition showed that silver was causing the toxicity, the TIE for artificial leathers using C18 cartridges showed that hydrophobic compounds were causing the toxicity. Acute toxicity tests of plastic product leachates were found to be useful for screening purposes for differentiating between toxic and non-toxic products.
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| 4. |
- Wik, Anna, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Acute toxicity of leachates of tire wear material to Daphnia magna - Variability and toxic components
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535. ; 64:10, s. 1777-1784
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large amounts of tire rubber are deposited along the roads due to tread wear. Several compounds may leach from the rubber and cause toxicity to aquatic organisms. To investigate the toxic effects of tire wear material from different tires, rubber was abraded from the treads of twenty-five tires. Leachates were prepared by allowing the rubber to equilibrate with dilution water at 44 degrees C for 72 h. Then the rubber was filtered from the leachates, and test organisms (Daphnia magna) were added. Forty-eight hour EC(50)s ranged from 0.5 to > 10.0 g l(-1). The toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) indicated that non-polar organic compounds caused most of the toxicity. UV exposure of the filtered tire leachates caused no significant increase in toxicity. However, when tested as unfiltered leachates (the rubber was not filtered from the leachates before addition of D. magna) photo-enhanced toxicity was considerable for some tires, which means that test procedures are important when testing tire leachates for aquatic (photo) toxicity. The acute toxicity of tire wear for Daphnia magna was found to be < 40 times a predicted environmental concentration based on reports on the concentration of a tire component found in environmental samples, which emphasizes the need for a more extensive risk assessment of tire wear for the environment. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Wik, Anna, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental labeling of car tires - toxicity to Daphnia magna can be used as a screening method
- 2005
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535. ; 58:5, s. 645-651
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Car tires contain several water-soluble compounds that can leach into water and have toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Due to tire wear, 10000 tonnes of rubber particles end up along the Swedish roads every year. This leads to a diffuse input of emissions of several compounds. Emissions of polyaromatic, hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of particular concern. PAHs are ingredients of the high aromatic oil (HA oil) that is used in the rubber as a softener and as a filler. The exclusion of HA oils from car tires has started, and an environmental labeling of tires could make HA oils obsolete. The toxicity to Daphnia magna from 12 randomly selected car tires was tested in this study. Rubber from the tread of the tires was grated into small pieces, to simulate material from tire wear, and the rubber was equilibrated with dilution water, for 72 h before addition of test organisms. The 24-h EC(50)s of the rubber pieces ranged from 0.29 to 32 g 1(-1), and the 48-h EC(50)s ranged from 0.0625 to 2.41 g 1(-1). Summer tires were more toxic than winter tires. After the 48-h exposure, the daphnids were exposed to UV-light for 2 h, to determine if the tires contained compounds that were phototoxic. After UV-activation the EC50s ranged from 0.0625 to 0.38 g 1(-1). Four of the 12 tires had a very distinct photoactivation, with a,toxicity increase of > 10 times. This study has shown that the used method for toxicity testing with Daphnia magna according to ISO 6341 could be used as a basis for environmental labeling of car tires. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Wik, Anna, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Toxicity assessment of sequential leachates of tire powder using a battery of toxicity tests and toxicity identification evaluations
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535. ; 77:7, s. 922-927
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Approximately 460 000 ton of rubber are dispersed annually along the European roads due to tire wear. Tire rubber is known to leach compounds that are toxic to aquatic organisms. However, the potential effects of tire wear material on aquatic organisms at environmental relevant concentrations, and over time have so far not been extensively studied. In this study, rubber from three different tires was abraded and the powder leached in deionised water. The rubber powder was leached six times sequentially. All leachates were tested for toxicity using standardized toxicity tests including green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 h growth inhibition), crustaceans (Daphnia magna, 24 and 48 h immobility and Ceriodaphnia dubia, 48 h survival and 9 d reproduction and survival), and zebra fish eggs (Danio rerio, 48h lethality). The reproduction of C. dubia was the most sensitive endpoint tested, with an EC50 of 0.013 g L ¹ up to the third leaching of the most toxic tire, which is similar to a predicted concentration in road runoffs. The toxicity of all tires was reduced by the sequential leachings and after the sixth leaching the EC50s were >0.1 g L ¹ for all endpoints. Toxicity identification evaluations indicated that the toxicity was caused by zinc and organic compounds.
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