| 1. |
- Ambos, T., et al.
(författare)
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What are the consequences of initiative taking in multinational subsidiaries?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of International Business Studies. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0047-2506 .- 1478-6990. ; 41:6, s. 1099-1118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phenomenon of subsidiary initiative has received increasing attention in recent years, but the consequences of initiatives and the associated dynamics of headquarters subsidiary relationships have received much less research attention. Building on resource dependence theory and self-determination theory we argue that two basic goals subsidiary managers pursue are to achieve autonomy vis-a-vis corporate headquarters, and influence over other units. We investigate how a subsidiary's past initiatives contribute to its bargaining power, and how headquarters' response through granting attention or monitoring affects the realization of the subsidiary's goals. Using structural equation modeling, our hypotheses are tested by drawing on a sample of 257 subsidiaries located in three different countries (Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom). Our results show that subsidiaries are not able to increase their influence through initiatives unless they get headquarters' attention. We also find that subsidiary initiatives have a direct effect on subsidiary autonomy, but the caveat is that initiatives also evoke headquarters monitoring, which in turn decreases the subsidiary's autonomy. In addition to providing insights into how subsidiaries can achieve their goals, the paper also sheds light on the critical role headquarters plays in leveraging initiatives, and the influence of individual subsidiaries in the multinational enterprise.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Leaving the multinational : The likelihood and nature of employee mobility from MNEs
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of International Business Studies. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 0047-2506 .- 1478-6990.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mobility of workers from multinational enterprises (MNEs) to other local firms is increasingly recognized as an important externality mechanism. However, MNEs have strong incentives to curb this mobility to prevent leakage of firm-specific assets. This research note investigates the likelihood and nature of such mobility patterns. Using longitudinal, matched employer–employee data for Sweden with detailed information on individuals, establishments, and firms, we find that workers employed in MNEs are more likely to leave their employers compared to similar workers employed in non-MNEs with similar characteristics. This effect is particularly strong for high-wage workers and managers. While we find that workers who leave MNEs are more likely to move to other MNEs, our results identify significant mobility toward start-ups, thus leading to important industrial dynamics in the host country. We discuss the implications of these results for research on the externalities from MNEs, and international business theory. © 2022, Academy of International Business.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Balancing subsidiary influence in the federative MNC : a business network view
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of International Business Studies. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0047-2506 .- 1478-6990. ; 38:5, s. 802-818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we argue that a fruitful approach to the analysis of inter-organisational power in multinational corporations (MNCs) is to model the organisation as a federation. In the federative MNC, the headquarters and the subsidiaries are involved in a perpetual bargaining process. Thus a crucial issue is what power bases are there that the different actors in the federative MNC can use to influence strategic decisions. In this paper, we focus on the power bases associated with the local business network in which the different subsidiaries are embedded, and on the headquarters' knowledge concerning these networks. A causal model is developed and tested with data from 97 subsidiaries in 20 MNC divisions. The results indicate that the strength and influence of a subsidiary's local business network are determined by the extent to which the subsidiary provides technology within the MNC. The fact that the business network is strong does not suffice to augment the intra-organisational power of a subsidiary. In addition, our investigation also provides support for the idea that, when the headquarters has a sound knowledge of the subsidiaries' business networks, it is better able to balance or moderate the influence of strong subsidiaries. The paper concludes by pointing out a potential dilemma facing the headquarters of the federative MNC: externally embedded subsidiaries can provide access to a variety of competencies, but they may also reduce the subsidiaries' interest in contributing to the overall performance of the MNC.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Ulf, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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From the Editors: Explaining Interaction Effects Within and Across Levels of Analysis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of International Business Studies. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0047-2506 .- 1478-6990. ; 45:9, s. 1063-1071
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many manuscripts submitted to the Journal of International Business Studies propose an interaction effect in their models in an effort to explain the complexity and contingency of relationships across borders. In this article, we provide guidance on how best to explain the interaction effects theoretically within and across levels of analysis. First, in the case of interactions within the same level of analysis, we suggest that authors provide an explanation of the mechanisms that link the main independent variable to the dependent variable, and then explain how the interaction variable modifies these mechanisms. Moreover, to ensure that the arguments are theoretically complete, we suggest that authors theoretically rule out the potential reverse interaction effect between the main variable and moderating variable. Second, in the case of interactions across levels of analysis, we suggest that authors identify the cross-level nature of the moderating relationships, specify the level of analysis of the main relationship and the nested nature of the cross-level influences, and theoretically explain these cross-level influences. Additionally, we suggest that authors pay particular attention to nesting in order to theoretically rule out reverse interactions.
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| 5. |
- Anokhin, Sergey, et al.
(författare)
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Start-up rates and innovation : A cross-country examination
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of International Business Studies. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0047-2506 .- 1478-6990. ; 43:1, s. 41-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the widespread assumptions of the positive relationship between start-up rates and innovation, the empirical support for this conjecture in the crosscountry context is largely lacking. We draw upon recent advances in the entrepreneurship literature to propose that the relationship between start-up rates and innovation is not uniformly positive, as expected by the early scholars of entrepreneurship, but instead depends on the country's stage of development. The relationship is positive in the developed countries, but negative in countries in early development stages. On balance, there is a weak negative association between start-up rates and innovation. We test our hypotheses on a multi-source dataset that covers 35 countries over the period from 1996 to 2002. The relationships are robust to the choice of three moderators and two dependent variables, as well as a number of post-hoc tests. Our findings indicate that broad-strokes policy efforts that aim at promotion of entrepreneurship as a means to boost country innovativeness may be misguided, and instead suggest a contingency approach
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| 6. |
- Arregle, Jean-Luc, et al.
(författare)
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Family firm internationalization : Past research and an agenda for the future
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of International Business Studies. - : Springer. - 0047-2506 .- 1478-6990. ; 52, s. 1156-1198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although the study of family firm internationalization has generated considerable scholarly attention, existing research has offered varied and at times incompatible findings on how family ownership and management shape internationalization. To improve our understanding of family firm internationalization, we systematically review 220 conceptual and empirical studies published over the past three decades, structuring our comprehensive overview of this field according to seven core international business (IB) themes. We assess the literature and propose directions for future research by developing an integrative framework of family firm internationalization that links IB theory with conceptual perspectives used in the reviewed body of work. We propose a research agenda that advocates a cross-disciplinary, multi-theoretic, and cross-level approach to studying family firm internationalization. We conclude that family firm internationalization research has the potential to contribute valuable insights to IB scholarship by increasing attention to conceptual and methodological issues, including micro-level affective motivations, background social institutions, temporal perspectives, and multi-level analyses.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Barkema, Harry G, et al.
(författare)
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Internationalising in small, incremental or larger steps?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of International Business Studies. - Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan. - 0047-2506 .- 1478-6990. ; 38:7, s. 1132-1148
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We argue that companies may enter foreign environments either incrementally, as suggested by long-established theory, or by taking larger steps that may result in lower initial performance but, through learning and experience, lead to increased performance in future expansions. This idea is corroborated by the experience of Dutch companies entering into Central and Eastern Europe. We also find that expansion steps may be too large, thereby limiting the exploration of foreign environments. Our study suggests that sequential internationalisation strategies do still matter, and that companies have to balance exploitation and exploration in internationalisation.
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| 9. |
- Bianchi, Mattia, et al.
(författare)
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Safe nests in global nets: Internationalization and appropriability of R & D in wireless telecom
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of International Business Studies. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 1478-6990 .- 0047-2506. ; 42, s. 910-934
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper documents the case of the wireless telecom industry to bring new empirical evidence to the debate on the internationalization of research and development (R&D) activities. US patent statistics on the four industry leaders – Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia and Qualcomm – illustrate the growing trend of the internationalization of R&D over the 1990s, yet we show that the most critical R&D projects related to the development of wireless standards remain homebound. The paper then leverages qualitative data collected through interviews with informed managers to provide a fresh interpretation for the homeboundedness of critical industrial R&D: the stickiness of core R&D projects to domestic locations is related not only to organizational inertia and the unripe maturation of subsidiaries, as suggested by prior literature, but particularly to the headquarters centralization of intellectual property (IP) management, which offers a high level of appropriability of R&D results. The unequal distribution of appropriability across corporate R&D networks is at the base of the formation of safe nests, domestic R&D centers that are sheltered from the forces of globalization because they offer a desirable setting for the exploitation of technologies deriving from a stronger coordination of inventive activities with the management of IP.
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