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| 2. |
- McKelvey, Maureen, et al.
(författare)
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Does co-location matter for formal knowledge collaboration in the Swedish biotechnology-pharmaceutical sector?
- 2003
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 32:3, s. 483-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article addresses the validity of assumptions about the importance of co-locality for innovation, by analyzing whether or not co-location matters for formal knowledge collaboration in the Swedish biotechnology-pharmaceutical sector, or biotech-pharma sector. The population of Swedish biotech-pharma firms has been defined, based on the three criteria of geographical location, their engagement in active knowledge development, and their specialized knowledge/product focus. The firms' patterns of regional, national and international collaboration with other firms and with universities is analyzed, as well as the differing collaborative patterns of small versus large firm. In addressing the theoretical questions about the relative importance of co-location for innovation, the article also provides an empirical overview of the Swedish biotech-pharma sector, especially trends over time. This paper thus contributes to the literature by expanding our empirical knowledge about one European biotech-pharma sectoral system, e.g. Sweden, as well as addressing the theoretical question about the relative importance of co-location for formal knowledge collaboration.
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| 3. |
- Adler, N, et al.
(författare)
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The Challenge of Managing Boundary-Spanning Research Activities: Experiences from the Swedish Context: The challenge of managing boundary spanning research
- 2009
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 38:7, s. 1136-1149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contemporary and future challenges when managing research involve coping with emerging prerequisites which include, among other things, a new knowledge production discourse, new research funding methods and new ways for international collaboration. Managers for boundary-spanning research activities need to combine the sometimes opposing logics and perspectives of the multiple stakeholders-the individual researchers searching for independence, sustainability and freedom and others searching for integration, relevance and predictability. Based on a collaborative research set-up including interviews, discussions and workshops with major Swedish research funding agencies, research program managers, experienced industry partners and key stakeholders, the paper identifies six main managerial challenges: (i) lack of focus on research management and unsatisfying prerequisites, (ii) weak identity and low status of the role of the research managers, (iii) few incentives for research management, (iv) lack of leadership development opportunities for researchers, (v) multiple (and sometimes contradictory) expectations from different stakeholders, and (vi) sustained funding. Finally, the managerial implications of these challenges for universities and funding agencies are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Björkdahl, Joakim, 1975
(författare)
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Technology cross-fertilization and the business model: The case of integrating ICTs in mechanical engineering products.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 38:9, s. 1468-1477.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the increasing interdependency among different bodies of knowledge in products, from the technology opportunities arising from 'cross-fertilizing', and how firms try to appropriate economic value from their technical potential. The study is based on three multi-national corporations, and their integration of information and communication technologies into established mechanical engineering products. The case studies show how technology cross-fertilization needs to be accompanied by business model changes in order to achieve increased economic value. While much attention has been given to the input dimension of multi-technology products, the economic and commercial domains have been rather ignored in previous literature. This work contributes to the management literature by linking the input resources with the market output for creating and appropriating value from technology cross-fertilization.
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| 5. |
- Brattström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Creativity, trust and systematic processes in product development
- 2012
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 41:4, s. 743-755
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the challenge of striking a balance between, on one hand, mitigating uncertainty through the existence of systematic processes and structures and, on the other, stimulating creativity through allowable variation in work processes and structures. Both objectives are fundamental aspects of product development work. Our main finding is that both objectives can be achieved simultaneously. We introduce trust as a mediating variable. We show first, that being systematic in the processes for obtaining information and applying explicit organizational rules and structures in product development work creates an atmosphere of trust in the organization. Second, we show that trust increases creativity. The paper contributes to an understanding of how and why trust is important in product development organizations and of how trust can be actively managed. Above all, the paper contributes to the understanding of how uncertainty and creativity should be managed in organizations conducting product development.
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| 6. |
- Dahlander, Linus, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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A man on the inside: Unlocking communities as complementary assets
- 2006
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 38:8, s. 1243-1259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since Teece's seminal paper explaining who were the gainers from technological innovation, increased globalization and the information and communication technology revolution have brought new ways for firms to organize and appropriate from innovation. A new more open model of innovation suggests that firms can benefit from sources of innovation that stem from outside the firm. The central theme of this paper is how firms try to unlock communities as complementary assets. These communities exist outside firm boundaries beyond ownership or hierarchical control. Because of practices developed by communities to protect their work, firms need to assign individuals to work in these communities in order to gain access to developments and, to an extent, influence the direction of the community. Using network analysis we show that some software firms sponsor individuals to act strategically within a free and open source software (FOSS) community. Firm sponsored individuals interact with more individuals than interact with them, and also they seek to interact with central individuals in the community. However, we can see differences in how individuals interact, depending on whether their affiliation is with a dedicated FOSS firm or an incumbent in the software industry. Apparently, some firm managers believe they need 'a man on the inside' to be able to gain access to communities. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Hellsmark, Hans, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Pilot and Demonstration Plants in Technology Development and Innovation Policy
- 2016
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 45:9, s. 1743-1761
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pilot- and demonstration plants (PDPs) represent bridges between generating basic knowledge and technological breakthroughs on the one hand, and industrial applications and commercial adoption on the other. This paper reports on a longitudinal study of how two technological fields that received significant public funding evolved—biochemical conversion of biomass and thermal conversion of black liquor. In doing so, this study makes two contributions. First, it provides a framework for analyzing the roles of various types of PDPs in developing new technology. The framework highlights the learning processes taking place at and around these plants and how they contribute to reducing different types of risks. It also elaborates on the importance of actor networks and institutional preconditions, and how both network performance and institutions can be influenced through various strategies. Second, the article contributes with new insights into the challenges of innovation policy in a PDP context. A policy mix is often required because policy cannot be considered meaningfully at a single level of government and will therefore be influenced heavily by limited foresight and politics (both nationally and locally). Therefore, policy must address both the need for parallel and iterative public funding of R&D and different types of plants, as well as attempts to directly influence collaborative processes in actor networks.
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| 8. |
- Hojcková, Kristina, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurial use of context for technological system creation and expansion: The case of blockchain-based peer-to-peer electricity trading
- 2020
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 49:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper engages with the question of why certain radical innovations succeed while others fail or stagnate when encountering established actors and sector logics. We develop an analytical framework that extends the technological innovation systems (TIS) functional approach to explicitly account for contextual factors and entrepreneurial activities. We contribute to two ongoing debates: the conceptualization of context in TIS and the micro-foundation of TIS. First, a two-dimensional matrix is constructed to locate influential factors in the spatial (geographical) and sociotechnical (sectoral) contexts. Second, for early stages of the innovation process, we identify entrepreneurial activities as the locus of the system-building functions, i.e. the activities that use contextual and system-internal factors to develop the novel technological system. We use the TIS approach to analyze the innovation system build-up of peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading on a blockchain platform, materializing in two local projects, one in Australia and another in the USA. We find that how and why the new configuration succeeded in productively encountering electricity sector incumbents can be explained by the extent to which entrepreneurs could use opportunities in various contexts across spatial and sectoral boundaries.
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| 9. |
- Sandén, Björn, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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A framework for analysis of multi-mode interaction among technologies with examples from the history of alternative transport fuels in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 40:3, s. 403-414
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationship between technologies is a salient feature of the literature on technical change and terms like 'dominant design' and 'technology lock-in' are part of the standard vocabulary and put competition among technologies in focus. The aim of this paper is to provide an account of the wide range of interaction modes beyond competition that is prevalent in transition processes and to develop a conceptual framework to facilitate more detailed and nuanced descriptions of technology interaction. Besides competition, we identify five other basic modes of interaction: symbiosis, neutralism, parasitism, commensalism and amensalism. Further, we describe interaction as overlapping value chains. Defining a technology as a socio-technical system extending in material, organisational and conceptual dimensions allows for an even more detailed description of interaction. The conceptual framework is tested on and illustrated by a case study of interaction among alternative transport fuels in Sweden 1974-2004. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Svensson, Oscar, et al.
(författare)
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Structure reconsidered: Towards new foundations of explanatory transitions theory
- 2018
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - 0048-7333. ; 47:2, s. 462-473
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most prominent framework for studying socio-technical transitions to date is the multi-level perspective (MLP). While appreciated for its flexibility and usefulness for studying socio-technical transitions it has not been without its critics. In this paper we focus on the ontological foundations of the MLP and its (in)ability to explain transitions and how they come about. The purpose is to initiate development of an explanatory theory for socio-technical transitions, by carrying out an immanent critique of the ontological foundations of the MLP together with a methodological critique. We show that the ontological foundations of the MLP to a large extent inhibits explanatory capacity. The argument is fourfold: since structure and agency are understood as inseparable, (i) the causal influence of material properties are undervalued, and (ii) different degrees of structural constraint and freedom of actors are ignored. As a consequence (iii) transitions are reduced to shifts in the maturity and spread of socio-cognitive rules, without analysis of systemic change. Moreover, (iv) mechanisms are reduced to recurring patterns of events which cannot explain why some transitions fail while others succeed. To remedy these limitations we outline alternative critical realist foundations for transitions theory.
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