| 1. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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A note on the effect of unemployment on mortality
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 22:3, s. 505-518
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this note we test if unemployment has an effect on mortality using a large individual level data set of nearly 30,000 individuals in Sweden aged 20–64 years followed-up for 10–17 years. We follow individuals over time that are initially in the same health state, but differ with respect to whether they are employed or unemployed (controlling also for a number of individual characteristics that may affect the depreciation of health over time). Unemployment significantly increases the risk of being dead at the end of follow-up by nearly 50% (from 5.36 to 7.83%). In an analysis of cause-specific mortality, we find that unemployment significantly increases the risk of suicides and the risk of dying from “other diseases” (all diseases except cancer and cardiovascular), but has no significant effect on cancer mortality, cardiovascular mortality or deaths due to “other external causes” (motor vehicle accidents, accidents and homicides).
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| 2. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf G., et al.
(författare)
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Income-related inequality in life-years and quality-adjusted life-years
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 19:6, s. 1007-1026
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We estimate the income-related inequality in Sweden with respect to life-years and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). We use a large data set from Sweden with over 40,000 individuals followed up for 10-16 years, to estimate the survival and quality-adjusted survival in different income groups. For both life-years and QALYs, we discover inequalities in health favouring the higher income groups. For men (women) in the youngest age-group (20-29 years), the number of QALYs is 43.7 (45.7) in the lowest income decile and 47.2 (49.0) in the highest income decile. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
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| 3. |
- Bleichrodt, Han, et al.
(författare)
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Standard gamble, time trade-off and rating scale: Experimental results on the ranking properties of QALYs
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 16:2, s. 155-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compares the relative performance of quality adjusted life years (QALYs) based on quality weights elicited by rating scale (RS), time trade-off (TTO) and standard gamble (SG). The standard against which relative performance is assessed is individual preference elicited by direct ranking. The correlation between predicted and direct ranking is significantly higher for TTO-QALYs than for RS-QALYs and SG-QALYs. This holds both based on mean Spearman rank correlation coefficients calculated per individual and based on two social choice rules: the method of majority voting and the Borda rule. Undiscounted TTO-QALYs are more consistent with direct ranking than discounted TTO-QALYs.
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| 4. |
- De Graeve, Diana, et al.
(författare)
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Equity in the delivery of health care in Europe and the US
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 19:5, s. 553-583
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a comparison of horizontal equity in health care utilization in 10 European countries and the US. It does not only extend previous work by using more recent data from a larger set of countries, but also uses new methods and presents disaggregated results by various types of care. In all countries, the lower-income groups are more intensive users of the health care system. But after indirect standardization for need differences, there is little or no evidence of significant inequity in the delivery of health care overall, though in half of the countries, significant pro-rich inequity emerges for physician contacts. This seems to be due mainly to a higher use of medical specialist services by higher-income groups and a higher use of GP care among lower-income groups. These findings appear to be fairly general and emerge in countries with very diverse characteristics regarding access and provider incentives.
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| 5. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf-Göran, et al.
(författare)
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A note on the estimation of the equity-efficiency trade-off for QALYs
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 15:3, s. 359-368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this note the veil of ignorance approach is tested as a basis for empirically determining the shape of the social welfare function for QALYs. An experiment is carried out where the participants choose between different societies that differ with respect to per capita QALYs and the distribution of QALYs. The answers are analyzed using logistic regression analysis, According to the results the respondents are willing to give up 1 QALY in the group with more QALYs to gain 0.45 QALYs in the group with fewer QALYs,but this trade-off is independent of the size of the difference in QALYs between the groups.
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| 6. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf-Göran, et al.
(författare)
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A note on validating Wagstaff and van Doorslaer's health measure in the analysis of inequalities in health
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 18:1, s. 117-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this note is to validate Wagstaff and van Doorslaer's approach of constructing a continuous health measure to be used in the analysis of inequalities in health. We calculate health concentration indices for Uppsala County in Sweden based on three different health status measures: health measured according to the WvD approach based on a self-assessed categorical health measure, health measured by the rating scale method, and health measured by the time trade-off method. The concentration index does not differ significantly for the three health status measures, and our results thus support the validity of the WvD method.
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| 7. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf-G., et al.
(författare)
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On stationarity and cointegration of international health expenditure and GDP
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 19:4, s. 461-475
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines stationarity and cointegration of health expenditure and GDP, for a sample of 21 OECD countries using data for the period 1960–1997, by applying a test battery that allows robust inference to be made on the stationarity and cointegration issue. Trend stationarity and no-cointegration are tested using new country-by-country and panel tests, not previously applied in this setting. New results for country-by-country and panel tests of non-stationarity and cointegration are presented. Our unit root and trend stationarity results indicate that both health expenditure and GDP are non-stationary. The no-cointegration and cointegration results indicate that health expenditure and GDP are cointegrated.
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| 8. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Hypothetical versus real willingness to pay in the health care sector: results from a field experiment
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 20:3, s. 441-457
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We conducted a field experiment comparing hypothetical and real purchase decisions for a pharmacist provided asthma management program among 172 subjects with asthma. Subjects received either a dichotomous choice contingent valuation question or were given the opportunity to actually enroll in the program. Three different prices were used: US$ 15, 40, and 80. In the hypothetical group, 38% of subjects said that they would purchase the good at the stated price, but only 12% of subjects in the real group purchased the good ( p=0.000). We cannot, however, reject the null hypothesis that “definitely sure” hypothetical yes responses, as identified in a follow-up question, correspond to real yes responses. We conclude that the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method overestimates willingness to pay, but that it may be possible to correct for this overestimation by sorting out “definitely sure” yes responses.
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| 9. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Is the valuation of a QALY gained independent of age? Some empirical evidence
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier Sequoia S.A. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 16:5, s. 589-599
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To carry out cost-effectiveness analyses with life-years or quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained as effectiveness measures has become increasingly popular in economic evaluations of health care. Cropper et al. (1994) have used survey data to estimate the trade-off between saving lives at different ages. They found that saving eleven 60-year-olds was judged equivalent to saving one 30-year-old. Individuals thus placed more weight on saving young persons than implied by the use of life-years gained as an effectiveness measure. A study based on the same approach as used by Cropper et al. aims to estimate the trade-off between saving lives at different ages. In contrast to Cropper et al. (1994), the study also calculates life-years and QALYs at different ages to estimate the trade-off between life-years and QALYs gained at different ages.
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| 10. |
- Johannesson, Magnus
(författare)
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On aggregating QALYs: a comment on Dolan
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of health economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1879-1646 .- 0167-6296. ; 18:3, s. 381-386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dolan [Dolan, P., 1998, The measurement of individual utility and social welfare. Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 17, pp. 39–52] in a recent paper suggested an empirical method for estimating the shape of the social welfare function. Using a simple theoretical model it is shown that Dolan's proposed empirical method has no theoretical foundation. The main problem with the approach is that it measures only the altruistic values that individuals attach to other peoples' health status and ignores the utility that individuals attach to their own health status.
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