| 1. |
- Rugarn, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of estradiol, progesterone, and norethisterone on regional concentrations of galanin in the rat brain
- 1999
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Ingår i: Peptides. - 0196-9781 .- 1873-5169. ; 20:6, s. 743-748
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concentrations of immunoreactive galanin were compared in eight gross brain regions of ovariectomized female rats treated with either estradiol, estradiol + progesterone, estradiol + norethisterone, or placebo. Higher concentrations with estradiol treatment compared with placebo were found in the pituitary (357%), frontal cortex (162%), occipital cortex (174%), hippocampus (170%), and median eminence (202%). A more profound difference with addition of progesterone or norethisterone was seen in the pituitary (529% and 467%, respectively). Sex steroids, particularly estradiol, modulate galanin concentrations not only in reproductive, but also in nonreproductive, brain regions.
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| 2. |
- Rugarn, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in neuropeptide distribution in the rat brain
- 1999
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Ingår i: Peptides. - 0196-9781 .- 1873-5169. ; 20:1, s. 81-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have investigated possible sex differences in the regional concentrations of neuropeptides in the rat brain. Immunoreactive neurotensin (NT), neurokinin A (NKA), galanin (GAL), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were measured by radioimmunoassay in frontal cortex, occipital cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus and pituitary in male and female pre- and postpubertal rats. Sex differences were found for NPY (p < 0.001), NT (p < 0.01) and GAL (p < 0.05), in particular in hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus and pituitary, but not for CGRP, SP and NKA. Results from analysis of neuropeptides in one sex may not be entirely applicable to the other.
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| 3. |
- Theodorsson, Annette, et al.
(författare)
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Estradiol increases brain lesions in the cortex and lateral striatum after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats: No effect of ischemia on galanin in the stroke area but decreased levels in the hippocampus
- 2005
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Ingår i: Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-9781. ; 26:11, s. 2257-2264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A distinctive feature of galanin expression is that it is extensively increased by neuronal injury, estrogens, Alzheimer's disease and during development. Since stroke is amongst the clinically most important causes of neuronal injury we studied the tissue concentrations of galanin in a rat stroke model and the possibility of modulating this effect with estrogen. Transient focal middle cerebral artery ischemia was induced in rats that 2 weeks earlier underwent ovariectomy and received 1.5 mg 17β-estradiol slow-release or placebo pellets. The concentrations of galanin and neuropeptide Y were measured after observation periods of 3, 7 and 14 days in extracts of punch biopsies from both the lesioned and the contra lateral control hemisphere. The galanin levels were not changed in any of the brain regions studied except in the hippocampus where they were lower in the ischemic hemisphere in both the estrogen- and placebo-treated animals compared to the corresponding contra lateral intact hemisphere (p = 0.015). Estrogen treatment up-regulated galanin concentrations in both the ventral and dorsal hippocampus (p = 0.003). The effects on the galanin concentrations were similar after all observation periods: 3, 7 and 14 days (p = 0.144). No significant changes were observed in the concentration of neuropeptide Y in response to the lesions. The ischemic lesions were markedly larger in the estrogen-treated animals observed after 3 days compared to the corresponding control group. In the estrogen group the lesion was largest at bregma and the slice 2 mm anterior to the bregma, 82% and 435% larger than in the control group (p < 0.001). A similar, but much less pronounced (not statistically significant) difference was seen in the groups observed after 7 and 14 days. Earlier studies of lesions in the peripheral and central nervous systems have generally shown an up-regulation of galanin markers in response to but at a distance from the injury. Our results indicate that galanin is not involved in the response of the ischemic penumbra itself to stroke, whereas it may participate in the reactions of the neural stem-cell rich hippocampus to stroke.
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