| 1. |
- Hellberg, Dan
(författare)
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Sex Steroids and Cervical Cancer
- 2012
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Ingår i: Anticancer Research. - 0250-7005 .- 1791-7530. ; 32:8, s. 3045-3054
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the 19th century, studies indicated that reproductive events were involved in cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a prerequisite for development of cancer, but co-factors, among them the action of sexual steroid hormones, are necessary. Childbirth has been an important risk factor but now probably plays a minor role in the industrialized world, where parity is low. Longterm oral contraceptive use has been thoroughly studied epidemiologically, and correlates to cervical cancer in most studies. In vitro studies on cervical cell lines transfected with HPV and animal studies indicate that sex steroid hormones are capable to induce cancer. In in vivo cervical cancer tissue studies there have been observations that endogenous progesterone in serum correlates to a negative pattern of expression of cellular and extracellular proteins, tumor markers. Immune response could be another mechanism. Estradiol might be associated with a positive pattern and high estradiol and low progesterone levels increase duration of survival in cervical cancer. Studies where treatment of compounds that influence sex steroid hormones have been given are rare and have been disappointing.
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| 2. |
- Hellberg, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Tumor Marker Score for Prognostication of Early-stage Squamous Cell Cervical Cancer
- 2014
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Ingår i: Anticancer Research. - 0250-7005 .- 1791-7530. ; 34:2, s. 887-892
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aim: Histopathological and clinical scores to predict prognosis in cervical cancer have been of limited value. In the present study a tumor marker expression score was evaluated for prognostication in early-stage cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: The entire study population included 128 women with invasive squamous cell cervical cancer followed-up for at least 10 years. Results: Expression of 12 tumor markers (epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Ki-67, c-MYC, p53, p27, E-cadherin, CD44, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), CD4, and leucine-rich immunoglobulin-like repeats-1 (LRIG1) and LRIG2, considered relevant for cervical cancer prognostication was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Expression of five markers, LRIG1, LRIG2, p53, COX2 and c-MYC were useful to make a prognostication score, ranging from 0 to 5. Score 0-1 correlated to less than 5% 10-year mortality, while the mortality rate of those with score 4-5 approached 70%; those with score 2 formed an intermediate group. Using different models, a high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value was attained. Conclusion: Tumor marker scoring could be an adjunct to histopathological and clinical parameters in prognostication of early-stage cervical cancer.
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| 3. |
- Samir, Raghad, et al.
(författare)
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Increased Serum Progesterone and Estradiol Correlate to Increased COX-2 Tissue Expression in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
- 2010
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Ingår i: Anticancer Research. - 0250-7005 .- 1791-7530. ; 30:4, s. 1217-1222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to To investigate correlations between serum progesterone and serum estradiol levels and expression of tissue tumor markers in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and normal epithelium. Materials and Methods: Eighty women of fertile ages with cervical biopsies ranging histologically from normal to CIN III were included. Expression of eleven tumor markers was studied. Serum levels of progesterone and estradiol were analyzed. Exclusion criterion was hormonal contraceptive use. Results: In normal epithelium, low progesterone levels correlated to expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and CD4+. In initial analyses of CIN, high progesterone levels correlated with expression of retinoblastoma protein, p16 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but after adjustment for CIN grade, only correlation to COX-2 expression remained significant. Expression of COX-2 and CD4+ correlated to serum estradiol levels in CIN. Conclusion: Serum levels of progesterone and estradiol appear to correlate with increased COX-2 expression in CIN. In addition, the study shows that evaluation of expression of tumor markers must take into account the grade of CIN.
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