| 1. |
- Bagedahl-Strindlund, M, et al.
(författare)
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Parapartum mental illness: a long-term follow-Up study
- 1998
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Ingår i: Psychopathology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0254-4962 .- 1423-033X. ; 31:5, s. 250-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- All mothers (n = 79) in the county of Stockholm who gave birth to a child during 1976–77 and were also hospitalised for the first time in a psychiatric clinic were followed up after a mean interval of 15 years. The sample was classified according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Comparisons were made with matched obstetric controls. Five patients had died. The recurrence rate was 51% and 7.3% relapsed after a subsequent childbirth. No difference was found between psychotic and non-psychotic mothers regarding mean sick-leave days per year. The majority of the women with a depressive disorder at index admission suffered from a minor depressive disorder. The women in the group with an unspecified functional psychosis showed a less severe course of illness than the women in the schizophrenia group.
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| 2. |
- Bejerot, Susanne, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Do autistic traits play a role in the bullying of obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia sufferers?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Psychopathology. - Basel, Switzerland : S. Karger. - 0254-4962 .- 1423-033X. ; 42:3, s. 170-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Social phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) share several similarities: both are categorized as anxiety disorders, avoidant personality disorder and depression are common in both, they have a similar age of onset and course, and both disorders respond to treatments with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioural therapy. However, OCD and social phobia differ in respect to their relation to autism spectrum disorders (ASD; i.e. Asperger's syndrome, autism, pervasive disorder not otherwise specified). Findings that suggest a link between OCD and ASD have no parallel in social phobia. Moreover, obsessive-compulsive, paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders are prevalent in OCD and in ASD, but not in social phobia. Individuals with ASD are known to be frequent targets of bullying. We hypothesised that individuals with autistic traits would have been frequent targets for bullies during their childhood, as opposed to people without such traits.Methods: Adult patients with social phobia (n = 63) or OCD (n = 65) were assessed regarding autistic traits, and interviewed about being bullied at school. A reference group (n = 551) responded to questions about being bullied.Results: There was a significant difference in the prevalence of being bullied between OCD (50%), social phobia patients (20%) and the reference group (27%). Autistic traits were more common in OCD than in social phobia. A history of being bullied was related to autistic traits among patients.Conclusions: Falling victim to bullying is not a random event. Autistic traits, i.e. low social skills, may be a predictor of being bullied in school. The high rate of bullying victims in persons who later develop OCD is suggested to be related to the overlap between OCD and ASD.
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| 3. |
- Carli, V, et al.
(författare)
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The association between pathological internet use and comorbid psychopathology: a systematic review
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychopathology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1423-033X .- 0254-4962. ; 46:1, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Background:</i></b> Pathological Internet use (PIU) has been conceptualized as an impulse-control disorder that shares characteristics with behavioral addiction. Research has indicated a potential link between PIU and psychopathology; however, the significance of the correlation remains ambiguous. The primary objective of this systematic review was to identify and evaluate studies performed on the correlation between PIU and comorbid psychopathology; the secondary aims were to map the geographical distribution of studies, present a current synthesis of the evidence, and assess the quality of available research. <b><i>Sampling and Methods:</i></b> An electronic literature search was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, PsychINFO, Global Health, and Web of Science. PIU and known synonyms were included in the search. Data were extracted based on PIU and psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive symptoms, social phobia and hostility/aggression. Effect sizes for the correlations observed were identified from either the respective publication or calculated using Cohen’s <i>d</i> or <i>R</i><sup>2</sup>. The potential effect of publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot model and evaluated by Egger’s test based on a linear regression. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The majority of research was conducted in Asia and comprised cross-sectional designs. Only one prospective study was identified. Twenty articles met the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria; 75% reported significant correlations of PIU with depression, 57% with anxiety, 100% with symptoms of ADHD, 60% with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and 66% with hostility/aggression. No study reported associations between PIU and social phobia. The majority of studies reported a higher rate of PIU among males than females. The relative risks ranged from an OR of 1.02 to an OR of 11.66. The strongest correlations were observed between PIU and depression; the weakest was hostility/aggression. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Depression and symptoms of ADHD appeared to have the most significant and consistent correlation with PIU. Associations were reported to be higher among males in all age groups. Limitations included heterogeneity in the definition and diagnosis of PIU. More studies with prospective designs in Western countries are critically needed.
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| 4. |
- Gavazzeni, JA, et al.
(författare)
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Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Brief Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ-10): An Internet-Based Study on Degrees of Affective Symptoms and Levels of Distress
- 2019
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Ingår i: Psychopathology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1423-033X .- 0254-4962. ; 52:4, s. 256-264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is reported in a wide variety of emotional disorders, although it is most often associated with either depression or anxiety disorders, assessed as symptoms of rumination and worry. Early detection of indicators for RNT across disorders is needed. To this end we explored the psychometric properties of a transdiagnostic measure, i.e., the Swedish version of the brief Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ-10), in adults (<i>n</i> = 674, age: 18 years or older). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Participants completed an online battery of questionnaires measuring RNT, anxiety, depression and levels of positive and negative affect, satisfaction with life, metacognitive beliefs, and sick leave. Reliability and validity were evaluated with Cronbach’s α, item and scale correlations, factor analysis (including multigroup analysis), and multiple linear regression analysis. Principal component analysis and exploratory factor analysis were first carried out to identify the number of latent factors. Confirmatory factor analysis was then used to assess the model fit of a single latent factor. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Analyses supported a single-factor solution. Results showed that the reliability was excellent. The single-factor model was robust, except across levels of distress that did not support scalar invariance. Negative metacognitive beliefs, negative affect, and anxiety were strong covariates demonstrating convergent validity. Negative and weaker correlations with life satisfaction, positive affect, and physical symptoms contributed to the discriminant validity. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This study showed that the instrument is robust in a population with various degrees of affective symptoms and distress. These results provide additional psychometric support for the RTQ-10 as a transdiagnostic measure. It can be administered online to assess RNT as a risk factor for emotional disorders.
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| 5. |
- Hillmann, K, et al.
(författare)
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Intact Classical Fear Conditioning to Interpersonally Threatening Stimuli in Borderline Personality Disorder
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychopathology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1423-033X .- 0254-4962. ; 53:2, s. 84-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Threat hypersensitivity is regarded as a central mechanism of deficient emotion regulation, a core feature of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Here, we employed a classical fear-conditioning protocol in which interpersonally threatening, interpersonally non-threatening, and non-social (neutral) visual stimuli were predictive of an aversive auditory stimulus in a sample of 23 medication-free adult female patients with BPD and 21 age- and IQ-matched healthy women. The results did not confirm the hypothesized enhanced and prolonged conditioned skin conductance responses (SCR) and subjective stress and expectancy ratings to interpersonally threatening stimuli in patients with BPD compared to healthy women. Patients with BPD generally expected the aversive stimulus more often irrespective of stimulus category and conditioning. Furthermore, patients with BPD showed larger conditioned SCR to interpersonally non-threatening and neutral than interpersonally threatening stimuli, while interpersonally threatening stimuli elicited higher SCR compared to non-threatening or neutral stimuli in healthy controls. Together with previous studies, the results suggest no alterations in fear conditioning to generally aversive stimuli in BPD. Further studies using stimuli with BPD-specific topics, such as abandonment or rejection, and/or to investigate more interpersonal forms of learning, such as observational or instructed conditioning, are urgently needed to further elucidate the mechanisms involved in the etiology and maintenance of threat hypersensitivity in BPD.
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| 6. |
- McGranahan, Rose, et al.
(författare)
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Psychopathological Symptoms and Satisfaction with Mental Health in Patients with Schizophrenia
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychopathology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0254-4962 .- 1423-033X. ; 51:3, s. 192-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The patient’s view of their mental health is a central aspect in research and practice. Yet, little is known about which psychopathological symptoms are linked with patients’ satisfaction with their mental health. We aimed to identify these symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: An individual patient data meta-analysis was conducted with data from 2,488 patients from 8 independent studies. Satisfaction with mental health was rated on a 7-point scale, and symptoms were observer-rated using identical items from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale. Mixed multilevel univariate followed by multivariate regression models were used to identify symptoms associated with satisfaction with mental health. Results: In univariate regressions, all subscales – not age and gender – were associated with mental health satisfaction. In the multivariate regression, only affective and negative symptoms were significantly associated with a lower satisfaction with mental health, explaining 22.5% of the variance. Conclusions: Observer-rated psychopathological symptoms are linked to patients’ mental health satisfaction. In addition to affective symptoms – which are commonly negatively linked with satisfaction ratings – a higher level of negative symptoms makes patients less satisfied with their mental health, whilst positive and other symptoms do not influence mental health satisfaction.
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| 7. |
- Mortensen, Gitte Lee, et al.
(författare)
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Bipolar Patients' Quality of Life in Mixed States: A Preliminary Qualitative Study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychopathology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0254-4962 .- 1423-033X. ; 48:3, s. 192-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Approximately 20% of patients with bipolar disorder experience mixed states. Mixed states are associated with more comorbidity, poorer treatment response and prognosis, increased relapse rate, and decreased functioning. This study aimed to produce in-depth knowledge about bipolar patients' quality of life (QoL) and functioning related to mixed states. Sampling and Methods: This study used qualitative research methods. A semi-structured interview guide based on a literature study was applied in interviews with 6 remitted bipolar I patients having experienced mixed states. A medical anthropological approach was applied to analyse the data. Results: Participants described mixed states as worse than other bipolar disorder states and their residual symptoms were prolonged. Mixed states affected the functioning of patients in key life domains such as self-esteem, family, love and social life, physical well-being, and working capability. Conclusions: Mixed states may severely affect the QoL and functioning of bipolar patients. Our results indicate that improving these should be a main goal of patient treatment. With an aim of adequately identifying and treating mixed states, our findings highlight the need for knowledge about this particularly severe expression of bipolar disorder. These results should be confirmed in a larger sample of patients with varying socioeconomic status. (C) 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel
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| 8. |
- Nilsson, M., et al.
(författare)
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Arguments for a Phenomenologically Informed Clinical Approach to Autism Spectrum Disorder
- 2019
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Ingår i: Psychopathology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0254-4962 .- 1423-033X. ; 52, s. 153-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The aim of this paper is to provide arguments for a phenomenologically informed clinical approach to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including a plea for clinical attention to the self in ASD. Methods: Central concepts of continental phenomenology, phenomenological psychopathology, and the phenomenological interview are presented, with an emphasis on the potential unifying qualities of an approach which includes the exploration of subjective and intersubjective experience. These phenomenological concepts and methods are contrasted with the current conceptualization of ASD, where the first-person perspective is not in focus. Results: Contemporary phenomenological papers on ASD address key concepts like intersubjectivity, intercorporeality, and intentionality. However, insights from this theoretical field have not been followed up in clinical research and practice. Consequently, there is (to our knowledge) still a lack of phenomenologically informed clinical explorations of experience of self, others, and the world in ASD. Conclusion: A phenomenologically informed focus on the form and structure of subjective experience, including a focus on self-experience in ASD, can lead to new and important insights in relation to clinical differentiation between ASD and schizophrenia spectrum disorder. © 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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| 9. |
- Nordgaard, Julie, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between Self-Disorders and First-Rank Symptoms : An Empirical Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychopathology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0254-4962 .- 1423-033X. ; 53:2, s. 103-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The diagnostic weight of the first-rank symptoms was deemphasized in DSM-5 and a similar change is expected in ICD-11. This change was motivated by a lack of solid, empirical evidence of the diagnostic significance of first-rank symptoms for schizophrenia. Yet, it seems that Schneider's original concept of first-rank symptoms was overly simplified when it was introduced in DSM-III. Specifically, it was overlooked that first-rank symptoms, in Schneider's understanding, fundamentally involve a disorder of the self. The aim here is to empirically test Schneider's claim that first-rank symptoms involve self-disorders. METHODS: In a modified, cross-sectional study of 98 first-admission patients, the relation between lifetime presence of first-rank symptoms and self-disorders was examined. Self-disorders were examined with the EASE (Examination of Anomalous Self-Experiences). RESULTS: We found an odds ratio of 1.56 (95% CI 1.10-2.21) for having first-rank symptoms for each 5-point increase in the EASE (measuring self-disorder) using a generalized linear mixed model regression. We did not find first-rank symptoms in the absence of self-disorders. CONCLUSION: The close relation between first-rank symptoms and self-disorders seems to support Schneider's original concept of first-rank symptoms. We suggest that first-rank symptoms occurring without the pervasively altered self-experiences might not be different from other psychotic phenomena in terms of their diagnostic significance. Awareness of self-disorders can help clinicians in assessing and detecting first-rank symptoms.
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| 10. |
- Ruchkin, V V, et al.
(författare)
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Coping styles and psychosomatic problems : are they related?
- 2000
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Ingår i: Psychopathology. - 0254-4962 .- 1423-033X. ; 33:5, s. 235-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of recent studies have shown avoidant coping to be related with diverse types of somatic and mental pathology. In order to investigate the relevance of coping for both psychological and somatic problems in delinquent subjects, 185 boys from juvenile correction and 96 boys from secondary schools in Arkhangelsk, Northern Russia, were assessed by means of the Coping Scale for Children and Youth, the Youth Self-Report and the Giessen Subjective Complaints List - youth form. The results from the delinquent subjects partly confirmed previous findings on the dominant role of behavioural avoidance in the relationships between coping styles and both behavior/emotional problems and somatic complaints. Further implications of the results are discussed.
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