| 1. |
- Löwden, Arne, et al.
(författare)
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Time of day type of food--relation to mood and hunger during 24 hours of constant conditions
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Ergology. - 0300-8134 .- 1884-3964. ; 30:1-2, s. 381-386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A six-day high-carbohydrate meal (HC; 65 E% (energy percent) carbohydrates, 20 E% fat and 15 E% protein) and a six-day high-fat meal (HF; 40 E% carbohydrates, 45 E% fat and 15 E% protein) were given to seven healthy subjects in a crossover design. On the last day subjects were kept awake for 24 hours in a metabolic laboratory while substrate utilisation and energy expenditure were measured by indirect calorimetry. The subjects were given isocaloric meals every four hours. Results showed that hunger decreased at night (F = 4.2, p < 0.05) and linearly increased after meal intake. Macronutrient composition (fat/carbohydrates) seemed to be of less importance for hunger. Hunger and thirst were found to be strongly associated with gastrointestinal substances, for hunger the strongest being a negative correlation with triacylglycerol (partial correlation = -0.39). It is suggested that it might not be necessary for shift workers to eat full portions at night but that satiation will occur with less food. Possibly lack of adjustment of nocturnal food intake might be one reason why overweight is common in shift work populations.
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| 2. |
- Åkerstedt, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
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A 6-hour working day : effects on well-being
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Ergology. - Tokyo : Human Ergology Research Association. - 0300-8134. ; 30:1/2, s. 197-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of the total amount of work hours and the benefits of a shortening is frequently debated, but very little data is available. The present study compared a group (N=41) that obtained a 9h reduction of the working week (to a 6h day) with a comparison group (N=22) that retained normal work hours. Both groups were constituted of mainly female health care and day care nursery personnel. The experimental group retained full pay and extra personnel were employed to compensate for loss of hours. Questionnaire data were obtained before and 1 year after the change. The data were analyzed using two-factor ANOVA with the interaction of year*group for social factors, sleep quality, mental fatigue, and heart/respiratory complaints, and attitude to work hours. In all cases the experimental group improved whereas the control group did not change. It was concluded that shortened work hours have clear social effects and moderate effects on well-being.
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