| 1. |
- Billstedt, Eva, 1961, et al.
(author)
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Secular changes in personality: study on 75-year-olds examined in 1976-1977 and 2005-2006.
- 2013
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In: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0885-6230 .- 1099-1166. ; 28:3, s. 298-304
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: In order to study secular changes in personality factors neuroticism and extroversion, representative population samples of non-demented 75-year-olds underwent psychiatric examinations in 1976-1977 (total n = 223, 138 women, 85 men) and 2005-2006 (total n = 556, 322 women and 234 men). METHODS: Eysenck Personality Inventory was used at both occasions. Demographic factors (educational level, marital status, having children) were registered. RESULTS: Seventy-five-year-olds examined in 2005-2006 had higher values on extroversion and lower values on the Lie scale compared with those examined in 1976-1977. Neuroticism did not differ between the two birth cohorts. Neuroticism scores were higher in women than in men both in 1976-1977 and 2005-2006, and Lie score was higher in women than in men in 2005-2006. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that present cohorts of 75-year-olds are more extroverted and less prone to respond in a socially desirable manner than those born three decades earlier. Neuroticism levels remained unchanged, suggesting this trait may be less influenced by environmental factors than the other traits studied.
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| 2. |
- Braam, Arjan W, et al.
(author)
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Depression and parkinsonism in older Europeans: results from the EURODEP concerted action.
- 2010
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In: International journal of geriatric psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 1099-1166 .- 0885-6230. ; 25:7, s. 679-87
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The prevalence rate of depression among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) has been estimated at 25%, although prevalence figures range between 7-76%. Relatively few studies on PD and depression are based on random samples in the general population. Some depressive symptoms can also be understood as symptoms of parkinsonism, and the current study aims to describe which 'overlap' symptoms can be identified in a community sample. METHODS: Data are employed from the EURODEP collaboration. Nine study centres, from eight western European countries, provided data on depression (most GMS-AGECAT), depressive symptoms (EURO-D items and anxiety), parkinsonism (self-report of PD or clinical signs of PD), functional disability and dementia diagnosis. RESULTS: Data were complete for 16 313 respondents, aged 65 and older; 306 (1.9%) reported or had signs of parkinsonism. The rate of depression was about twice as high among respondents with parkinsonism (unadjusted Odds Ratio 2.44, 95% Confidence Interval 1.88-3.17), also among those without functional disability. 'Overlap' symptoms between parkinsonism and depression, were represented by motivation and concentration problems, appetite problems and especially the symptom of fatigue (energy loss). However, principal component analysis showed that these 'overlap' symptoms loaded on different factors of the EURO-D scale. CONCLUSIONS: As among clinical patients with PD, depression is highly common in community dwelling older people with parkinsonism, even among those without functional disability. Although fatigue did not strongly relate to motivational symptoms, both types of 'overlap' symptoms possibly trigger a final common pathway towards a full depressive syndrome. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 3. |
- Nilsson, Johan, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Changes in the expression of worries, anxiety, and generalized anxiety disorder with increasing age: A population study of 70 to 85-year-olds
- 2019
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In: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0885-6230 .- 1099-1166. ; 34:2, s. 249-257
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is supposed to decrease with age. Reasons suggested include that emotional control increases and that anxiety and worry are expressed differently in older adults. The aim of this study was to examine how the expression of anxiety and worry changes with age and how this influences diagnoses in current classification systems. Method: Semistructured psychiatric examinations were performed in population-based samples of 70- (n=562), 75- (n=770), 79/80- (n=603), and 85-year-olds (n=433). Individuals with dementia were excluded. GAD was diagnosed according to DSM-5 (DSM5 GAD) and ICD-10 (ICD10 GAD) criteria. Individual symptoms were assessed according to severity and frequency. Functioning was measured with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Results: The prevalence of clinical anxiety, autonomic arousal, muscle tension, and irritability decreased with age, while that of worry and fatigue increased. Concentration difficulties and sleep disturbances remained stable. The prevalence of ICD10 GAD tended to decrease, while that of DSM5 GAD did not change with age. Core symptoms and diagnoses of GAD were related to lower GAF scores. However, in those with autonomic arousal and ICD10 GAD, GAF scores increased with age. Conclusions: The prevalence of ICD10 GAD tended to decrease with increasing age while the prevalence of DSM5 GAD remained stable. This difference was partly due to a decreased frequency of severe anxiety and autonomic arousal symptoms, and that worries increased, suggesting changes in the expression of GAD with increasing age.
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| 4. |
- Sigström, Robert, 1982, et al.
(author)
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Depressive spectrum states in a population-based cohort of 70-year olds followed over 9years
- 2018
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In: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0885-6230. ; 33:8, s. 1028-1037
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ObjectiveDepression may be understood as a spectrum of more or less symptomatic states. Little is known about the long-term course of these states in older populations. We examined the prevalence and course of depressive states of different severity in a Swedish population sample of older people followed over 9years. MethodsA population-based sample of 70-year olds without dementia (N=563, response rate 71.1%) underwent a psychiatric examination; 450 survivors without dementia were reexamined at ages 75 and/or 79years. Three depressive spectrum states were defined: major depression (MD), minor depression (MIND), and subsyndromal depression (SSD). ResultsThe cumulative 9-year prevalence of any depressive spectrum state was 55.3% (MD 9.3%, MIND 27.6%, SSD 30.9%). The cross-sectional prevalence increased with age, especially for MIND and SSD. Among those with baseline MD and MIND, 75.0% and 66.7%, respectively, had MD or MIND during follow-up. Among those with SSD, 47.2% had SSD also during follow-up and 36.1% had MD or MIND. Among those with MD during follow-up, 63.1% were in a depressive spectrum state at baseline. The corresponding proportion was 30% for those with MIND (but no MD) during follow-up. ConclusionIn this population-based sample, over half experienced some degree of depression during their eighth decade of life. The findings give some support for the validity of a depressive spectrum in older adults. Most new episodes of major depression occurred in people who were in a depressive spectrum state already at baseline, which may have implications for late-life depression prevention strategies.
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| 5. |
- Sigström, Robert, 1982, et al.
(author)
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The prevalence of psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation in non-demented population samples aged 70-82 years.
- 2009
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In: International journal of geriatric psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 1099-1166 .- 0885-6230. ; 24, s. 1413-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Recent population(Q3) studies have reported an approximate 10% prevalence of psychotic symptoms among elderly aged 85 years and older. Psychotic symptoms may be less prevalent among younger elderly. We examined the prevalence of psychotic symptoms in a population-based sample of non-demented elderly aged 70-82 years. METHODS: A systematic Swedish population sample of 894 non-demented elderly (response rate 68%) representing three birth cohorts (340 women and 224 men aged 70 years and 330 women aged 78 and 82 years) was examined using the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), during a semi-structured psychiatric interview. A key informant interview was also conducted. Psychotic symptoms were classified according to the DSM-IV Glossary of technical terms. RESULTS: The 1-year prevalence of any psychotic symptom was 0.9% among non-demented women and men aged 70 years, and 1.2% among women aged 78 and 82 years. Psychotic symptoms were not related to sex or age. The prevalence of paranoid ideation was 1.0%. Among women, any paranoid symptom (persecutory delusions or paranoid ideation) was more common in 70-year-olds (2.6%) than in 78-82-year-olds (0.6%) (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Psychotic symptoms affected only 1% of this non-demented population aged 70, 78 and 82 years, which is lower than the 7-10% previously found among 85- and 95-year-olds. This might reflect a lower prevalence of psychotic symptoms compared to older elderly or secular changes resulting in lower prevalence of psychotic symptoms in later-born birth cohorts. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Östling, Svante, 1953, et al.
(author)
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Basal ganglia calcification and psychotic symptoms in the very old.
- 2003
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In: International journal of geriatric psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0885-6230. ; 18:11, s. 983-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Basal ganglia calcification (BGC) is associated with psychotic symptoms in young and middle-aged patient samples. METHODS: We studied the cross-sectional relationship between psychotic symptoms and BGC in a population sample of non-demented 85-year-olds, of whom 86 were mentally healthy, 11 had hallucinations or delusions, 21 had mood disorders and 20 had anxiety disorders. BGC was measured using computerized tomography (CT). Mental disorders were diagnosed using DSM-III-R criteria and psychotic symptoms were evaluated using information from psychiatric examinations, key-informant interviews and review medical records. RESULTS: BGC on CT was observed in 19% of mentally healthy and 64% of non-demented individuals with hallucinations or delusions [Odds Ratio (OR) 7.7, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 2.9-29.7, p=0.003]. There were no associations between BGC and mood or anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS: BGC is strongly associated with psychotic symptoms in very old age, possibly due to a disturbance in the basal ganglia dopaminergic system.
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| 8. |
- Östling, Svante, 1953, et al.
(author)
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Is the prevalence of psychosis in the very old decreasing? A comparison of 85-year-olds born 22 years apart
- 2019
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In: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0885-6230 .- 1099-1166. ; 34:12, s. 1776-1783
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective To elucidate whether there is a decrease of psychotic symptoms in 85-years-olds without dementia and if factors associated with psychotic symptoms have changed, we studied two birth cohorts of 85-year-olds born 22 years apart. Methods Every second, 85-year-olds in Gothenburg, Sweden was invited to neuropsychiatric examinations in 1986 to 1987 (participation 63.1%, N = 494) and in 2008 to 2010 (60.5%, N = 571). A close informant was interviewed by a psychiatrist or a research psychologist. Results The prevalence of psychotic symptoms in 85-years-olds without dementia decreased from 10.1% in 1986 to 1987 to 3.2% in 2008 to 2010 (P < .001). Disability in daily life (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-4.5), depressed mood (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.1-7.1), irritability (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.2-10.5), and suicidal ideation (OR, 4.1; 95% CI, 2.1-8.0) were associated with psychotic symptoms in both cohorts. Mean mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score was lower in those with psychotic symptom compared with those with no psychotic symptoms (Cohort 1986-1987, 26.4 vs 27.8, Cohort 2008-2009, 26.1 vs 27.7, t value -4.24, Pr > t < 0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of psychotic symptoms decreased between 1986 to 1987 and 2008 to 2010 among 85-years-olds without dementia. These symptoms were associated with broad psychopathology, worse performance in cognitive testing, and with disability of daily life in both cohorts.
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| 9. |
- Östling, Svante, 1953, et al.
(author)
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Paranoid symptoms and hallucinations among the older people in Western Europe
- 2013
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In: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0885-6230 .- 1099-1166. ; 28:6, s. 573-579
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: It is not clear whether the prevalence of psychosis increases with age. We studied the age-specific prevalence of psychotic symptoms in older people in Western Europe. METHODS: Older people without dementia (age 65-104 years, N = 8762) from the western part of Europe in the EURODEP concerted action took part in psychiatric examinations. RESULTS: In total, 2.4% of the men and 2.9% of the women had psychotic symptoms. Using a multilevel logistic regression model that included gender and age as a continuous variable, we found that a 5-year increase in age increased the prevalence of psychotic symptoms (odds ratio 1.2 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.3, p = 0.001). A second multilevel regression model showed that wishing to be dead, depressed mood, functional disability, not being married and cognitive impairment measured with Mini mental state examination were all associated with psychotic symptoms whereas gender was not. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of psychotic symptoms in non-demented older people increases with age, and these symptoms are associated with other psychopathology, social isolation and problems with daily living.
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| 10. |
- Östling, Svante, 1953, et al.
(author)
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The incidence of first-onset psychotic symptoms and paranoid ideation in a representative population sample followed from age 70-90 years. Relation to mortality and later development of dementia.
- 2007
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In: International journal of geriatric psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0885-6230 .- 1099-1166. ; 22:6, s. 520-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on the incidence of psychotic symptoms in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the incidence of first-onset psychotic symptoms in the elderly and their relation to mortality and later development of dementia. METHOD: A population-sample (n = 392) born 1901-1902 was assessed from age 70-90 with psychiatric examinations, medical record reviews and from age 85, also with key-informant interviews. Individuals developing dementia were excluded. RESULT: The cumulative incidence of first-onset psychotic symptoms was 4.8% (8.0% including key-informant reports in the total sample) and 19.8 % in those who survived to age 85. Sixty-four percent of those with first-onset hallucinations later developed dementia, compared to 30% of those with delusions and 25% of those without psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: One fifth of non-demented elderly who survives up to age 85 develops first-onset psychotic symptoms. Hallucinations predict dementia, but most elderly individuals with first-onset psychotic symptoms do not develop dementia.
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