| 1. |
- Robins, Tiina, et al.
(author)
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Molecular Model of Human CYP21 Based onMammalian CYP2C5: Structural Features Correlatewith Clinical Severity of Mutations CausingCongenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- 2006
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In: Molecular Endocrinology. - Stanford : The endocrin society. - 0888-8809 .- 1944-9917. ; 20:11, s. 2946-2964
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Enhanced understanding of structure-function relationshipsof human 21-hydroxylase, CYP21, is requiredto better understand the molecular causesof congenital adrenal hyperplasia. To this end, astructural model of human CYP21 was calculatedbased on the crystal structure of rabbit CYP2C5.All but two known allelic variants of missense type,a total of 60 disease-causing mutations and sixnormal variants, were analyzed using this model. Astructural explanation for the corresponding phenotypewas found for all but two mutants for whichavailable clinical data are also discrepant with invitro enzyme activity. Calculations of protein stabilityof modeled mutants were found to correlateinversely with the corresponding clinical severity.Putative structurally important residues were identifiedto be involved in heme and substrate binding,redox partner interaction, and enzyme catalysisusing docking calculations and analysis of structurallydetermined homologous cytochrome P450s(CYPs). Functional and structural consequences ofseven novel mutations, V139E, C147R, R233G,T295N, L308F, R366C, and M473I, detected inScandinavian patients with suspected congenitaladrenal hyperplasia of different severity, were predictedusing molecular modeling. Structural featuresdeduced from the models are in good correlationwith clinical severity of CYP21 mutants,which shows the applicability of a modeling approachin assessment of new CYP21 mutations.
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| 2. |
- Söderström, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Differential effects of nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR) expression levels on retinoic acid receptor-mediated repression support the existence of dynamically regulated corepressor complexes
- 1997
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In: Molecular Endocrinology. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0888-8809 .- 1944-9917. ; 11:6, s. 682-692
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that stimulate the transcription of target genes in the presence of activating ligands and repress transcription in their absence. Transcriptional repression by the thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors has been proposed to be mediated by the nuclear receptor corepressor, N-CoR, or the related factor, SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors). Recent studies have suggested that transcriptional repression by N-CoR involves a corepressor complex that also contains mSin3A/B and the histone deacetylase, RPD3. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that transcriptional repression by the retinoic acid receptor can be either positively or negatively regulated by changes in the levels of N-CoR expression, suggesting a relatively strict stoichiometric relationship between N-CoR and other components of the corepressor complex. Consistent with this interpretation, overexpression of several functionally defined domains of N-CoR also relieve repression by nuclear receptors. N-CoR is distributed throughout the nucleus in a nonuniform pattern, and a subpopulation becomes concentrated into several discrete dot structures when highly expressed. RPD3 is also widely distributed throughout the nucleus in a nonuniform pattern. Simultaneous imaging of RPD3 and N-CoR suggest that a subset of each of these proteins colocalize, consistent with the existence of coactivator complexes containing both proteins. In addition, a substantial fraction of both N-CoR and mSin3 A/B appear to be independently distributed. These observations suggest that interactions between RPD3 and Sin3/N-CoR complexes may be dynamically regulated.
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