| 1. |
- Agnafors, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Mental health and academic performance: a study on selection and causation effects from childhood to early adulthood
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; :56, s. 857-866
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeAn inverse relationship between mental health and academic achievement is a well-known phenomenon in the scientific literature. However, how and when this association develops is not fully understood and there is a lack of longitudinal, population-based studies on young children. Early intervention is important if associations are to be found already during childhood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of the association between mental health and academic performance during different developmental periods of childhood and adolescence.MethodsData from a longitudinal birth cohort study of 1700 children were used. Child mental health was assessed through mother’s reports at age 3, and self-reports at age 12 and 20. Academic performance was assessed through teacher reports on educational results at age 12 and final grades from compulsory school (age 15–16) and upper secondary school (age 18–19). The association between mental health and academic performance was assessed through regression models.ResultsThe results indicate that social selection mechanisms are present in all three periods studied. Behavioral and emotional problems at age 3 were associated with performing below grade at age 12. Similarly, mental health problems at age 12 were associated with lack of complete final grades from compulsory school and non-eligibility to higher education. Academic performance at ages 15 and 19 did not increase the risk for mental health problems at age 20.ConclusionMental health problems in early childhood and adolescence increase the risk for poor academic performance, indicating the need for awareness and treatment to provide fair opportunities to education.
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| 2. |
- Axmon, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Demographic and diagnostic profiles of older people with intellectual disability and prescription of antipsychotics
- 2019
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 54:8, s. 937-944
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeTo describe demographic and diagnostic profiles in a national cohort of older people with intellectual disability (ID) who were prescribed antipsychotics.MethodsUsing national registers, we identified people with ID who were 55 + years in 2012 (n = 7936), as well as a subcohort with complete information on demographic factors (sex, year of birth, severity of ID, presence of behavior impairment, and residence in special housing; n = 1151). Data regarding diagnoses and prescription of antipsychotics were added for the time period 2006–2012. The potential effects of demographic factors and diagnoses on the prescription of sedating and less-sedating antipsychotics, respectively, were assessed in separate models by estimating the relative risks (RRs) of prescription.ResultsOf the demographic factors, severe/profound ID (RR 1.17), behavior impairment (RR 1.34), and living in special housing (RR 1.25) were associated with prescription of sedating antipsychotics, whereas only behavior impairment (RR 1.42) was associated with prescription of less-sedating antipsychotics. For both sedating and less-sedating antipsychotics, the diagnoses with the largest association (i.e., highest relative risk) were schizophrenia (RR 2.17 for sedating and RR 1.81 for less-sedating) and ID (RR 1.84 and RR 1.68, respectively), followed by disorders of psychological development (for sedating antipsychotics, RR 1.57) and organic mental disorders (for less-sedating antipsychotics, RR 1.55).ConclusionsThe associations between prescription of antipsychotics and demographic factors and non-psychotic diagnoses, respectively, suggest that older people with ID may be prescribed antipsychotic medication without thorough psychiatric diagnosing. If so, there is a need for improving the abilities of health care professionals to properly diagnose and manage psychiatric illness in this population.
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| 3. |
- Björkman, Tommy, et al.
(författare)
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Outcome of case management based on the strengths model compared to standard care. A randomised controlled trial.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 37:4, s. 147-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The outcome of less intensive case management services, such as the strengths model, is still inconclusive, which suggests a need for more controlled studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the outcome of a strengths model of case management service (SCM) compared to standard care. METHODS: Seventy-seven clients with a mental illness and a serious impairment in functioning in social contacts, housing or work situation were randomly allocated to SCM or standard care. Outcome was assessed with regard to use of psychiatric services, changes in symptomatology, psychosocial functioning, social network, needs for care, quality of life and client satisfaction with care. The follow-up period was 36 months. RESULTS: The results showed a greater reduction in needs for care in clients receiving SCM. No differences in clinical or social outcome were shown. Clients receiving SCM also used significantly less days in psychiatric inpatient services and were generally more satisfied with the psychiatric services offered. CONCLUSIONS: SCM failed to improve clinical and social outcome compared to standard care, but was more successful in reducing days spent in hospital, and the clients were also more satisfied with the service compared to standard care.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Cedereke, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Patients' needs during the year after a suicide attempt A secondary analysis of a randomised controlled intervention study.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 37:8, s. 357-363
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: We first studied whether changes of needs were influenced by randomly allocated telephone interventions between 1 and 12 months after a suicide attempt in addition to treatment as usual. These were aimed at improving motivation for professional treatment. As a secondary analysis we investigated the frequency and changes of needs during this period and if changes were related to other outcome measures. Method One month after a suicide attempt 216 patients were randomised to two telephone interventions or to no such interventions within 1 year. The Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN) was used to evaluate 22 different need areas at 1 and 12 months. Other outcome measurements used were Global functioning axis V (GAF), psychological symptoms (SCL-90, GSI) and scale of suicide ideation (SSI). Results Of 178 patients who were followed up, 140 had been rated by CAN at both 1 and 12 months. Changes of needs did not differ between the randomised groups. At 1 month the patients had a mean number of 5.1 +/- 2.4 needs and 2.4 +/- 1.5 of these were considered as unmet. The most frequently reported needs concerned health aspects, basic needs and social needs. At 12 months needs concerning health aspects were significantly reduced, while basic needs and social needs were not. Changes of GAF explained 21 % and changes of GSI 4 % of the variance of the reduction of needs. Conclusions After 12 months, needs in health aspects, basic needs and social needs were still common. A structured evaluation of the patient's needs seems to be helpful when planning treatment after a suicide attempt.
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| 6. |
- Eberhard, Sophia, et al.
(författare)
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Secondary prevention of hazardous alcohol consumption in psychiatric out-patients: a randomised controlled study.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 44, s. 1013-1021
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Hazardous alcohol use is associated with an increased risk for development of a substance use disorder, leading to negative outcomes in psychiatric patients. AIMS: In order to investigate whether psychiatric outpatients' hazardous alcohol consumption could be reduced by way of a brief intervention by telephone. METHOD: Non-psychotic psychiatric outpatients, n = 1,670, completed a self-rating form concerning alcohol habits (AUDIT). Participants with scores indicating risk consumption (n = 344) were randomised to intervention (immediate advice) or control (advice after 6 months). RESULTS: Hazardous alcohol habits occurred among 19% of the women and 24% of the men. In the intervention group, half of the patients reduced their alcohol consumption to non-hazardous levels at 6-month follow-up (ITT analysis). In women, 41.5% in the intervention group had no hazardous consumption at follow-up compared to 24.7% in the control group (P = 0.003), corresponding figure for men was 49.1 and 34.0%. CONCLUSION: Brief intervention seems to be effective to reduce hazardous alcohol consumption in psychiatric outpatients.
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| 7. |
- Edwards, Alexis C., et al.
(författare)
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Military service and risk of subsequent drug use disorders among Swedish men
- 2023
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 58:7, s. 1039-1048
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Environmental factors contribute substantially to risk for drug use disorders (DUD). The current study applies multiple methods to empirically test whether military service is associated with subsequent DUD, as previous findings are inconsistent. Methods: Longitudinal Swedish national registry data on a cohort of male conscripts born 1972–1987 (maximum N = 485,900) were used to test the association between military service and subsequent registration for DUD. Cox proportional hazard models were used in preliminary analyses, followed by three methods that enable causal inference: propensity score models, co-relative models, and instrumental variable analysis. Results: Across all methods, military service was causally associated with lower risk of DUD. Hazard ratios ranged from HR = 0.43 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.37; 0.50) in the instrumental variable analysis to 0.77 (0.75; 0.79) in the multivariate propensity score matching analysis. This effect diminished across time. In the model including a propensity score, HRs remained below 1 across the observation period, while confidence intervals included 1 after ~ 11 years in the co-relative analysis and after ~ 21 years in the instrumental variable analysis. Conclusions: In this cohort of Swedish men, complementary methods indicate that military service conferred substantial but time-limited protection against subsequent DUD. The observed effect could be due to reduced opportunity for substance use during service, social cohesion experienced during and after service, and/or socioeconomic advantages among veterans. Additional research is necessary to clarify these protective mechanisms and determine how other environmental contexts can provide similar benefits.
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| 8. |
- Eklund, Mona, et al.
(författare)
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Relationships between satisfaction with occupational factors and health-related variables in schizophrenia outpatients
- 2001
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 36:2, s. 79-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between satisfaction with occupational factors, operationalized as occupational status and the total daily occupational situation, and health-related variables among people with schizophrenia. The health-related variables included quality of life, perceived control, sense of coherence, and psychopathology. Gender differences in these relationships were explored as well. METHODS: A sample of 74 individuals, aged 20-55 years, from outpatient psychiatric services were recruited to the study. A variety of interviews and self-rating scales were used in the data collection. RESULTS: When controlling for depressive symptoms, the results showed that satisfaction with employment status was of significance for health among patients with schizophrenia, but satisfaction with the total daily occupational situation seemed to be even more important to quality of life and other health-related aspects. In particular, satisfaction with daily occupations constituted an important dimension for self-rated quality of life. Some minor sex differences could be discerned in the pattern of associations. CONCLUSIONS: The strong association between satisfaction with daily occupations and self-rated quality of life adds a new dimension to the understanding of quality of life for this group of subjects, and suggests that helping to organise an individual's daily occupations ought to be a significant task in planning for psychiatric services.
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| 9. |
- Falk, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
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The 1 % of the population accountable for 63 % of all violent crime convictions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 49:4, s. 559-571
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Population-based studies on violent crime and background factors may provide an understanding of the relationships between susceptibility factors and crime. We aimed to determine the distribution of violent crime convictions in the Swedish population 1973-2004 and to identify criminal, academic, parental, and psychiatric risk factors for persistence in violent crime. Method The nationwide multi-generation register was used with many other linked nationwide registers to select participants. All individuals born in 1958-1980 (2,393,765 individuals) were included. Persistent violent offenders (those with a lifetime history of three or more violent crime convictions) were compared with individuals having one or two such convictions, and to matched non-offenders. Independent variables were gender, age of first conviction for a violent crime, nonviolent crime convictions, and diagnoses for major mental disorders, personality disorders, and substance use disorders. Results A total of 93,642 individuals (3.9 %) had at least one violent conviction. The distribution of convictions was highly skewed; 24,342 persistent violent offenders (1.0 % of the total population) accounted for 63.2 % of all convictions. Persistence in violence was associated with male sex (OR 2.5), personality disorder (OR 2.3), violent crime conviction before age 19 (OR 2.0), drug-related offenses (OR 1.9), nonviolent criminality (OR 1.9), substance use disorder (OR 1.9), and major mental disorder (OR 1.3). Conclusions The majority of violent crimes are perpetrated by a small number of persistent violent offenders, typically males, characterized by early onset of violent criminality, substance abuse, personality disorders, and nonviolent criminality.
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| 10. |
- Frojdh, K, et al.
(författare)
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Deceased, disabled or depressed - a population-based 6-year follow-up study of elderly people with depression
- 2003
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 38:10, s. 557-562
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prognosis of depression in elderly people is reported as poor, with high mortality and high rate of non-recovery. The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome after 6 years in a broader perspective. In addition to the risk of dying, we also estimated the risk of moving to long-term care, and having a depression in a re-screening event after 6 years. In 1993, a screening event for depressive symptoms using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25) was carried out on 1215 subjects aged 65 years and older living in a health care district in Karlstad, Sweden. The study population was divided into a high score, a low score and a dropout group. A re-screening of the same population was carried out in 1999. Logistic regression analysis was used for calculating odds ratios for the selected end-points adjusted for age, gender, civil status and occurrence of physical illness. The adjusted odds ratios for dying for the high score group were 2.5 (95% CI 1.5-4.4) and for any of the end-points 6.1 (95% CI 3.5-10.8) compared with the low score group. Nearly three-quarters of the subjects in the high score group were deceased, depressed or had moved to long-term care after 6 years. The prognosis was poor for depressed elderly people despite not having more physical illness. It is believed that the poor outcome is due to an additive effect of depression on the total medical disease burden.
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