| 1. |
- Bagley, Mark, 1979
(author)
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Networks, geography and the survival of the firm
- 2019
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In: Journal of Evolutionary Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 29:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Prior studies show that the success of firms in industrial clusters is the result of two main reasons; the transfer of knowledge and routines from parent firms to spinoffs that locate in the same locality, and the returns from co-location of firms. While previous research has largely inferred the presence of parent-spinoff networks, few studies have measured them. Furthermore, the lack of geographic precision has led to conflicting results for evidence of returns from location, as the gains from geographic proximity may not always be linear. This paper introduces network measurement and a refined geographic measure to separate these two respective channels of knowledge transfer, and analyzes their impact on firm survival (as a proxy for firm success). It is found that the gains with respect to location are nonlinear. Furthermore, a firm’s historical links formed through parent-spinoff linkages have a significant impact on survival, which differ depending on the motivations of the entrepreneur. Moreover, these channels of knowledge are complementary in nature.
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| 2. |
- Baldessarelli, G., et al.
(author)
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Organizational routines: Evolution in the research landscape of two core communities
- 2022
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In: Journal of Evolutionary Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 32
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Organizational routines are a popular field of research dominated by two communities of scholars: the capability community and the practice community. Based on a bibliometric study of 635 peer-reviewed articles, this paper proposes a systematic analysis of the recent contributions to the field made by the two communities. Our findings yield two main insights. First, we show that, even if both communities have been contributing to advancing the scholarly understanding of routines, practice scholars' research has grown faster than capability scholars' in recent years. Second, using a Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm for text analysis, we identify 33 research topics that have sparked scholars' interest in the period 2005-2016 and we explore the evolution of key topics. Specifically, we observe that topics characteristic of each community concerned the theoretical foundations of organizational routines and, for practice scholars, also context-related internal dynamics. We also find diverging topics that created gaps between the two communities. For capability scholars, diverging topics pertained to specific aspects of the theoretical foundations, such as dynamic and ordinary capabilities, and the effects of routines. For practice scholars, diverging topics pertained to context-related internal dynamics of routines. These insights provide a comprehensive map of the research landscape illustrating that, even if the communities have maintained parallel conversations, their growing interest could lead to synergies.
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| 3. |
- Bengtsson, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Manufacturing outsourcing and its effect on plant performance-lessons for KIBS outsourcing
- 2009
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In: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 19:2, s. 231-257
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite the proclaimed advantages and popularity of outsourcing manufacturing and knowledge-intensive business services, there are few and mainly contradictory studies of its short- and long-term effects. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the way in which outsourcing manufacturing and design work relates to performance at plant level. The study is based on a large-scale survey among a representative sample of Swedish engineering plants. The results show no significant effects from outsourcing manufacturing on plant operating performance. The paper further shows that investments in technological and organizational capabilities explain the improvements of performance to a significantly higher extent than does outsourcing. The problems of additional costs and managing dependencies when applying partial outsourcing and separating interdependent key processes provide important insights to the analysis on the effects of outsourcing knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS).
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| 4. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, et al.
(author)
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The inventor's role : was Schumpeter right?
- 2010
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In: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 20:3, s. 413-444
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- According to Schumpeter, the creative process of economic development can be divided into the stages of invention, innovation (commercialization) and imitation. Each stage is associated with specific skills. This paper examines whether Schumpeter's assertion was correct, i.e. whether the invention and innovation stages should be undertaken by different agents. In addition, we examine whether there is a rationale for the Schumpeterian entrepreneur to include the inventor in the commercialization process. Combining the abilities of the entrepreneur and the inventor may serve to facilitate customer adaptation, strengthen knowledge transfers and reduce uncertainty, thereby expanding market opportunities. Based on a unique database covering Swedish patents granted to individuals and small firms, the empirical analysis shows that profitability increases by 22 percentage points when inventions are commercialized by the entrepreneur instead of by inventors. However, active involvement of the inventor is shown to have a significantly positive impact on profitability, irrespective of commercialization mode.
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| 5. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, et al.
(author)
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The Old and the New : The Evolution of Polymer and Biomedical Clusters in Ohio and in Sweden
- 2000
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In: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 10:5, s. 471-488
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper examines the rapid growth of the polymer-based and biomedical clusters in Ohio and Sweden – two regions of similar size and with similar traditions undergoing similar industrial restructuring.Two issues are addressed: First, why has growth been so strong in these particular clusters, i.e., can we identify the sources of the growth and dynamics in these sectors? Second, why do these two clusters differ in Ohio and Sweden in terms of size, level and type of activity, number and composition of actors, size structure of firms and growth patterns over the last couple of decades? In particular, what is the role of public policies as well as cultural, historical, and geographic factors?Our main conclusions are (1) that there is strong path dependence in both clusters in both countries, and (2) that the key to rapid development is a high absorptive capacity combined with rapid diffusion to new potential users. Our policy discussion addresses these issues.
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| 6. |
- Carlsson, Bo, et al.
(author)
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The Swedish industrial support program of the 1970s revisited
- 2018
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In: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 28:4, s. 805-835
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The economy-wide dynamic cost-benefit study of the Swedish industrial subsidy program 1976 through 1984 (Carlsson et al. Res Policy 10(43):336-354 1981; Carlsson J Ind Econ 32(1):9-14, 1983a, b) is revisited in light of later economic development. Since the Swedish Micro to Macro model (Eliasson Am Econ Rev 67(1):277-281 1977a, 2017a) was used for quantification, this article is both (1) a study on the calibration of high dimensional micro-based and nonlinear economic systems models, and (2) a post inquiry into the empirical credibility of the cost-benefit calculations performed. We find that the Micro-based Macro model represents the minimum of detailed resolution necessary for the dynamic cost benefit calculations of the micro interventions in the Swedish economy we study. Even though the increased model complexity meant significant parameter calibration difficulties, a thoroughly researched model specification with exactly defined policy interfaces (with the markets of the economy) should take priority over parameter estimation problems, and always be preferred to estimating the parameters of a wrongly specified model perfectly. The oil price shocks of the 1970s caused radical market disorder in the western economies, bankrupting some 35% of Swedish manufacturing and threatening the Swedish government with massive unemployment. We confirm the earlier results that the government choice of a radical employment rescue policy came at enormous social cost in the form of economic stagnation, and still did not prevent the unemployment of the rest of OECD Europe from hitting Sweden a decade later, and persisting well into the next millennium. According to an alternative simulated policy scenario on the model, had the subsidies been replaced with a general lowering of the payroll tax of the same magnitude and the consequent increase in unemployment taken immediately during 1976-1980, production structures would have been radically and rapidly reorganized, normal employment would have been rapidly restored, and neither the stagnation nor the radical increase in unemployment of the early 1990s would have occurred. In retrospect we see no reason to worry about the empirical credibility of this computed dynamic trade off between Keynesian demand and Schumpeterian supply effects (caused by resource reallocations and endogenous structural change due to the price change), as we did then. We conclude with certainty that this trade-off would not even have been discovered as a possibility had we used a traditional model that did not embody these micro-macro linkages.
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| 7. |
- Chizarfard, Armaghan, et al.
(author)
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The transformation to a circular economy : framing an evolutionary view
- 2021
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In: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer Nature. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 31:2, s. 475-504
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The notion of the circular economy (CE) has recently been put forth as a strategy to mitigate climate change. It has gained attention in policy circles and in the engineering and natural science literature. In contrast to the linear model of production, use and disposal, the point of departure for the CE is the creation and sustention of a regenerative system with the goal of minimising resource inputs and emissions. However, although the emerging literature has discussed the ongoing transition process towards the CE, mainly from an ecological perspective, the underlying mechanisms of industrial change including structural tensions have not been discussed. Responding to this gap in the literature, the aim of this paper is to discuss CE as an evolutionary process and to propose a conceptual framework that builds on a development block approach.
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| 8. |
- Douhan, Robin, et al.
(author)
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Entrepreneurship and second-best institutions : going beyond Baumol’s typology
- 2010
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In: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 20:4, s. 629-643
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper reconsiders the predominant typology pioneered by Baumol (J Polit Econ 98(5):893-921, 1990) among productive, unproductive and destructive entrepreneurship. It is shown that the foundation of Baumol's classification scheme is the restrictive concept of first-best outcomes, and therefore it easily fails to appreciate the true impact of entrepreneurship in real-world circumstances characterized by suboptimal institutions. We present an alternative way of generalizing the notion of entrepreneurship and show how and why it encompasses the Baumol typology as a special case. Our main distinction is between business and institutional entrepreneurship. We draw on Schumpeter and introduce the entrepreneur in an additional function: as a potential disturber of an institutional equilibrium. Various subsets of institutional entrepreneurship are posited and discussed. It is shown that changing the workings of institutions constitutes an important set of entrepreneurial profit opportunities. An implication of this is that entrepreneurial efforts to reform or offset inefficient institutions can, in many cases, be welfare-improving.
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| 9. |
- Elert, Niklas, et al.
(author)
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The evolution of owner-entrepreneurs' taxation : five tax regimes over a 160-year period
- 2023
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In: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 33:2, s. 517-540
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The institutional literature suggests that long-term tax incentives are crucial for entrepreneurs, but studies on this topic are hampered by problems related to how to define and measure entrepreneurial income. We resolve these problems by drawing on a theoretical definition of the entrepreneur as an owner, which enables us to identify entrepreneurship empirically by means of investments made by active owners of closely held corporations. Using detailed Swedish tax data, we analyze the tax incentives for such owner-entrepreneur investments from 1862 to 2018, thereby highlighting the evolution of a general institutional phenomenon through a long-run, in-depth, country-specific analysis. We calculate the annual marginal effective tax rate (METR) on capital income for investments, distinguishing between average- and top-income entrepreneurs, and between three sources of finance. We identify five tax regimes that indicate substantial differences in institutional quality over time according to the magnitude of the METR and METR differences between average- and top-income entrepreneurs and across sources of finance. Growth-conducive tax incentives shed light on why so many successful entrepreneurial firms were founded in Sweden around 1900, whereas increased taxation helps explain the absence of new large entrepreneurial firms in Sweden after World War II. Improved incentives can be associated with Sweden's recent entrepreneurial renaissance.
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| 10. |
- Eliasson, Gunnar
(author)
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Advanced purchasing, spillovers and innovative discovery
- 2011
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In: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 21:1, s. 121-139
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Advanced product development distinguishes itself by being surrounded by a "cloud of technology spillovers" available to external users in proportion to their competence to commercialize them. The local capacity to commercialize spillovers is experience based and hence more narrow than the range of innovations. The cloud will therefore be incompletely explored. While the value of the cloud to society may be greater than the development investment, the value captured by the producer is often not sufficient to make the product development privately profitable. The producer faces the property rights problem of how to charge for the dual product it develops, the product itself and as much as possible for the technology cloud. The public and private customers, however, appreciate the situation differently. While the former appears in the double customer role of being interested in both the product procured and the spillover benefits to society, the latter is not interested in paying for spillovers that only benefit society. Marketing the product, therefore, involves the ability to present a credible case for the economic value to society of the spillovers. To do that, a theory is needed that demonstrates both the user value to the customer, and the entrepreneurial capacity of the economy to commercialize the spillovers. The theoretical argument is illustrated with the case of downstream industrial business formation around Swedish military aircraft industry.
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