| 1. |
- Latvala, Antti, et al.
(författare)
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Paternal antisocial behavior and sons' cognitive ability : a population-based quasiexperimental study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - Stockholm : Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parents’ antisocial behavior is associated with developmental risks for the offspring but effects on cognitive ability are unknown. We used linked Swedish register data for a large sample of adolescent men (N = 1,177,173) and their parents to estimate associations between fathers’ criminal convictions and sons’ cognitive ability assessed at compulsory military conscription. Mechanisms behind the association were tested in children-of-siblings models across three types of sibling fathers (half-siblings, full-siblings, and monozygotic twins) with increasing genetic relatedness, and in quantitative genetic models. Fathers’ convictions associated with lower cognitive ability in sons (any crime: Cohen’s d = -.28; violent crimes: Cohen’s d = -.49). Adjusting for more genetic factors gradually reduced and eventually eliminated the association. Nuclear family environmental factors did not contribute to the association. Our results suggest that the association between paternal antisocial behavior and offspring cognitive ability is not causal but mostly due to underlying genetic factors.
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| 2. |
- Peters, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
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Numeracy and decision making
- 2006
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Ingår i: PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 17:5, s. 407-413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of four studies explored how the ability to comprehend and transform probability numbers relates to performance on judgment and decision tasks. On the surface, the tasks in the four studies appear to be widely different; at a conceptual level, however, they all involve processing numbers and the potential to show an influence of affect. Findings were consistent with highly numerate individuals being more likely to retrieve and use appropriate numerical principles, thus making themselves less susceptible to framing effects, compared with less numerate individuals. In addition, the highly numerate tended to draw different (generally stronger or more precise) affective meaning from numbers and numerical comparisons, and their affective responses were more precise. Although generally helpful, this tendency may sometimes lead to worse decisions. The less numerate were influenced more by competing, irrelevant affective considerations. Analyses showed that the effect of numeracy was not due to general intelligence. Numerical ability appears to matter to judgments and decisions in important ways.
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| 3. |
- Persson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Gaining Control : Training Executive Function and Far Transfer of the Ability to Resolve Interference [retracted]
- 2008
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 19:9, s. 881-888
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Functional brain-imaging data document overlapping sites of activation in prefrontal cortex across memory tasks, suggesting that these tasks may share common executive components. We leveraged this evidence to develop a training regimen and a set of transfer tasks to examine the trainability of a putative executive-control process: interference resolution. Eight days of training on high-interference versions of three different working memory tasks increased the efficiency with which proactive interference was resolved on those particular tasks. Moreover, an improved ability to resolve interference was also transferred to different working memory, semantic memory, and episodic memory tasks, a demonstration of far-transfer effects from process-specific training. Participants trained with noninterference versions of the tasks did not exhibit transfer. We infer that the transfer we demonstrated resulted from increased efficiency of the interference-resolution process. Therefore, this aspect of executive control is plastic and adaptive, and can be improved by training.
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| 4. |
- Evans, GW, et al.
(författare)
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Chronic noise exposure and physiological response : A prospective study of children living under environmental stress
- 1998
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 9:1, s. 75-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chronic exposure to aircraft noise elevated psychophysiological stress (resting blood pressure and overnight epinephrine and norepinephrine) and depressed quality-of-life indicators over a 2-year period among 9- to 11-year-old children. Data collected before and after the inauguration of a major new international airport in noise-impacted and comparison communities show that noise significantly elevates stress among children at ambient levels far below those necessary to produce hearing damage.
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| 5. |
- Hygge, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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A prospective study of some effects of aircraft noise on cognitive performance in schoolchildren
- 2002
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 13:5, s. 469-474
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Before the opening of the new Munich International Airport and the termination of the old airport, children near both sites were recruited into aircraft-noise groups (aircraft noise at present or pending) and control groups with no aircraft noise (closely matched for socioeconomic status). A total of 326 children (mean age = 10.4 years) took part in three data-collection waves, one before and two after the switch-over of the airports. After the switch, long-term memory and reading were impaired in the noise group at the new airport. and improved in the formerly noise-exposed group at the old airport. Short-term memory also improved in the latter group after the old airport was closed. At the new airport, speech perception was impaired in the newly noise-exposed group. Mediational analyses suggest that poorer reading was not mediated by speech perception, and that impaired recall was in part mediated by reading.
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| 6. |
- Katkin, ES, et al.
(författare)
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Nonconscious fear conditioning, visceral perception, and the development of gut feelings
- 2001
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Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 12:5, s. 366-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When people are presented with backward-masked images of fear-relevant stimuli and only some of these images are paired consistently with electric shocks, they can predict the occurrence of shocks even though they do not consciously know which images they have seen. We postulated that they may use the perception of visceral cues from the conditional fear response to facilitate the prediction of shocks. In this study, ability to detect heartbeats was used to index sensitivity to visceral cues. The results showed that subjects who could detect their heartbeats performed better than chance in predicting whether or not they would receive a shock during the conditioning task. The findings support the notion that hunches, or “gut feelings,” are based in part on the perception of visceral cues.
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| 7. |
- Elwin, Ebba, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Constructivist Coding : Learning from Selective Feedback
- 2007
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 18:2, s. 105-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although much learning in real-life environments relies on highly selective feedback about outcomes, virtually all cognitive models of learning, judgment, and categorization assume complete and representative feedback. We investigated empirically the effect of selective feedback on decision making and how people code experience with selective feedback. The results showed that, in contrast to a commonly raised concern, performance was not impaired following learning with selective and biased feedback. Furthermore, even in a simple decision task, the experience that people acquired was not a mere recording of the observed outcomes, but rather a reconstruction from general task knowledge.
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| 8. |
- Haeffel, Gerald J., et al.
(författare)
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Association Between Polymorphisms in the Dopamine Transporter Gene and Depression : Evidence for a Gene-Environment Interaction in a Sample of Juvenile Detainees
- 2008
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 19:1, s. 62-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has generated examples of how genetic and environmental factors can interact to create risk for psychopathology. Using a gene-by-environment (G × E) interaction design, we tested whether three polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1, also referred to as SLC6A3, located at 5p15.33) interacted with maternal parenting style to predict first-onset episodes of depression. Participants were male adolescents (N= 176) recruited from a juvenile detention center in northern Russia. As hypothesized, one of the polymorphisms (rs40184) moderated the effect of perceived maternal rejection on the onset of major depressive disorder, as well as on suicidal ideation. Further, this G × E interaction was specific to depression; it did not predict clinically significant anxiety. These results highlight the need for further research investigating the moderating effects of dopaminergic genes on depression.
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| 9. |
- Wiens, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Keeping it short : A comparison of methods for brief picture presentation.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Psychol Sci. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 15:4, s. 282-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has shown that backward masking is apowerful tool for studying unconscious mental processes.Whereas studies have traditionally presented stimuli usingcathode-ray tube (CRT) monitors or mechanical shutters togetherwith slide projectors, recent studies (mainly in functionalmagnetic resonance imaging, fMRI) have begun to use methodsbased on liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and thin-film transistor(TFT) technology. However, because of differences in technology,all methods may not be equally suited for masking. Whenmethods were compared for their accuracy in presenting picturesat short durations, LCD and TFT presentations had pooraccuracy, but shutter and CRT presentations had better accuracy.Because CRTs interfere with the imaging process in fMRI,we recommend the use of mechanical shutters. However, ourresults may not generally apply to all displays, so we adviseresearchers to validate the presentation parameters of theirdisplays. The procedure described here may be useful for thatpurpose.
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| 10. |
- Evans, GW, et al.
(författare)
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Chronic noise and psychological stress.
- 1995
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Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 6:6, s. 333-338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article illustrates the value of incorporating psychological principles into the environmental sciences. Psycho-physiological, cognitive, motivational, and affective indices of stress were monitored among elementary school children chronically exposed to aircraft noise. We demonstrate for the first time that chronic noise exposure is associated with elevated neuroendocrine and cardiovascular measures, muted cardiovascular reactivity to a task presented under acute noise, deficits in a standardized reading test administered under quiet conditions, poorer long-term memory, and diminished quality of life on a standardized index. Children in high-noise areas also showed evidence of poor persistence on challenging tasks and habituation to auditory distraction on a signal-to-noise task. They reported considerable annoyance with community noise levels, as measured utilizing a calibration procedure that adjusts for individual differences in rating criteria for annoyance judgments.
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