| 1. |
- Latvala, Antti, et al.
(författare)
-
Paternal antisocial behavior and sons' cognitive ability : a population-based quasiexperimental study
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Psychological Science. - Stockholm : Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parents’ antisocial behavior is associated with developmental risks for the offspring but effects on cognitive ability are unknown. We used linked Swedish register data for a large sample of adolescent men (N = 1,177,173) and their parents to estimate associations between fathers’ criminal convictions and sons’ cognitive ability assessed at compulsory military conscription. Mechanisms behind the association were tested in children-of-siblings models across three types of sibling fathers (half-siblings, full-siblings, and monozygotic twins) with increasing genetic relatedness, and in quantitative genetic models. Fathers’ convictions associated with lower cognitive ability in sons (any crime: Cohen’s d = -.28; violent crimes: Cohen’s d = -.49). Adjusting for more genetic factors gradually reduced and eventually eliminated the association. Nuclear family environmental factors did not contribute to the association. Our results suggest that the association between paternal antisocial behavior and offspring cognitive ability is not causal but mostly due to underlying genetic factors.
|
|
| 2. |
- Katkin, ES, et al.
(författare)
-
Nonconscious fear conditioning, visceral perception, and the development of gut feelings
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 12:5, s. 366-370
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When people are presented with backward-masked images of fear-relevant stimuli and only some of these images are paired consistently with electric shocks, they can predict the occurrence of shocks even though they do not consciously know which images they have seen. We postulated that they may use the perception of visceral cues from the conditional fear response to facilitate the prediction of shocks. In this study, ability to detect heartbeats was used to index sensitivity to visceral cues. The results showed that subjects who could detect their heartbeats performed better than chance in predicting whether or not they would receive a shock during the conditioning task. The findings support the notion that hunches, or “gut feelings,” are based in part on the perception of visceral cues.
|
|
| 3. |
- Petrill, SA, et al.
(författare)
-
The genetic and environmental relationship between general and specific cognitive abilities in twins age 80 and older
- 1998
-
Ingår i: PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 9:3, s. 183-189
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the first twin study of the old-old, individuals 80 years old and older, we examined the relationship between general and specific cognitive abilities from a genetic perspective. That is, we examined the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence major group factors of cognitive abilities, independent of general cognitive ability. As part of the OctoTwin project in Sweden, general and specific cognitive abilities were assessed in 52 monozygotic and 65 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs 80 years old and older using a battery of seven tests that assess verbal, spatial, speed-of-processing, and memory performance. Results suggest that genetic effects associated with general cognitive ability (g) account for the correlation between g and verbal, spatial, and speed-of-processing abilities. No genetic influences were found for these specific cognitive abilities separate from g. In contrast, memory ability appears to be more distinct genetically from g than are other cognitive abilities. Comparison with younger samples suggests that cognitive abilities relating to speed of processing may be genetically dedifferentiated in the old-old.
|
|
| 4. |
- Haeffel, Gerald J., et al.
(författare)
-
Association Between Polymorphisms in the Dopamine Transporter Gene and Depression : Evidence for a Gene-Environment Interaction in a Sample of Juvenile Detainees
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Psychological Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 19:1, s. 62-69
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has generated examples of how genetic and environmental factors can interact to create risk for psychopathology. Using a gene-by-environment (G × E) interaction design, we tested whether three polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1, also referred to as SLC6A3, located at 5p15.33) interacted with maternal parenting style to predict first-onset episodes of depression. Participants were male adolescents (N= 176) recruited from a juvenile detention center in northern Russia. As hypothesized, one of the polymorphisms (rs40184) moderated the effect of perceived maternal rejection on the onset of major depressive disorder, as well as on suicidal ideation. Further, this G × E interaction was specific to depression; it did not predict clinically significant anxiety. These results highlight the need for further research investigating the moderating effects of dopaminergic genes on depression.
|
|
| 5. |
- Wiens, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
-
Keeping it short : A comparison of methods for brief picture presentation.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Psychol Sci. - : SAGE Publications. - 0956-7976 .- 1467-9280. ; 15:4, s. 282-5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has shown that backward masking is apowerful tool for studying unconscious mental processes.Whereas studies have traditionally presented stimuli usingcathode-ray tube (CRT) monitors or mechanical shutters togetherwith slide projectors, recent studies (mainly in functionalmagnetic resonance imaging, fMRI) have begun to use methodsbased on liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and thin-film transistor(TFT) technology. However, because of differences in technology,all methods may not be equally suited for masking. Whenmethods were compared for their accuracy in presenting picturesat short durations, LCD and TFT presentations had pooraccuracy, but shutter and CRT presentations had better accuracy.Because CRTs interfere with the imaging process in fMRI,we recommend the use of mechanical shutters. However, ourresults may not generally apply to all displays, so we adviseresearchers to validate the presentation parameters of theirdisplays. The procedure described here may be useful for thatpurpose.
|
|
| 6. |
- Lonsdorf, TB, et al.
(författare)
-
Genetic gating of human fear learning and extinction: possible implications for gene-environment interaction in anxiety disorder
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-9280 .- 0956-7976. ; 20:2, s. 198-206
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pavlovian fear conditioning is a widely used model of the acquisition and extinction of fear. Neural findings suggest that the amygdala is the core structure for fear acquisition, whereas prefrontal cortical areas are given pivotal roles in fear extinction. Forty-eight volunteers participated in a fear-conditioning experiment, which used fear potentiation of the startle reflex as the primary measure to investigate the effect of two genetic polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR and COMTval158met) on conditioning and extinction of fear. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, located in the serotonin transporter gene, is associated with amygdala reactivity and neuroticism, whereas the COMTval158met polymorphism, which is located in the gene coding for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a dopamine-degrading enzyme, affects prefrontal executive functions. Our results show that only carriers of the 5-HTTLPR s allele exhibited conditioned startle potentiation, whereas carriers of the COMT met/met genotype failed to extinguish conditioned fear. These results may have interesting implications for understanding gene-environment interactions in the development and treatment of anxiety disorders.
|
|
| 7. |
- Navarrete, CD, et al.
(författare)
-
Fear extinction to an out-group face: the role of target gender
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-9280 .- 0956-7976. ; 20:2, s. 155-158
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conditioning studies on humans and other primates show that fear responses acquired toward danger-relevant stimuli, such as snakes, resist extinction, whereas responses toward danger-irrelevant stimuli, such as birds, are more readily extinguished. Similar evolved biases may extend to human groups, as recent research demonstrates that a conditioned fear response to faces of persons of a social out-group resists extinction, whereas fear toward a social in-group is more readily extinguished. Here, we provide an important extension to previous work by demonstrating that this fear-extinction bias occurs solely when the exemplars are male. These results underscore the importance of considering how gender of the target stimulus affects psychological and physiological responses to out-group threat.
|
|
| 8. |
- Berger, CC, et al.
(författare)
-
Mental Imagery Induces Cross-Modal Sensory Plasticity and Changes Future Auditory Perception
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-9280 .- 0956-7976. ; 29:6, s. 926-935
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Can what we imagine in our minds change how we perceive the world in the future? A continuous process of multisensory integration and recalibration is responsible for maintaining a correspondence between the senses (e.g., vision, touch, audition) and, ultimately, a stable and coherent perception of our environment. This process depends on the plasticity of our sensory systems. The so-called ventriloquism aftereffect—a shift in the perceived localization of sounds presented alone after repeated exposure to spatially mismatched auditory and visual stimuli—is a clear example of this type of plasticity in the audiovisual domain. In a series of six studies with 24 participants each, we investigated an imagery-induced ventriloquism aftereffect in which imagining a visual stimulus elicits the same frequency-specific auditory aftereffect as actually seeing one. These results demonstrate that mental imagery can recalibrate the senses and induce the same cross-modal sensory plasticity as real sensory stimuli.
|
|
| 9. |
- Chabris, CF, et al.
(författare)
-
Most reported genetic associations with general intelligence are probably false positives
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-9280 .- 0956-7976. ; 23:11, s. 1314-1323
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- General intelligence ( g) and virtually all other behavioral traits are heritable. Associations between g and specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several candidate genes involved in brain function have been reported. We sought to replicate published associations between g and 12 specific genetic variants (in the genes DTNBP1, CTSD, DRD2, ANKK1, CHRM2, SSADH, COMT, BDNF, CHRNA4, DISC1, APOE, and SNAP25) using data sets from three independent, well-characterized longitudinal studies with samples of 5,571, 1,759, and 2,441 individuals. Of 32 independent tests across all three data sets, only 1 was nominally significant. By contrast, power analyses showed that we should have expected 10 to 15 significant associations, given reasonable assumptions for genotype effect sizes. For positive controls, we confirmed accepted genetic associations for Alzheimer’s disease and body mass index, and we used SNP-based calculations of genetic relatedness to replicate previous estimates that about half of the variance in g is accounted for by common genetic variation among individuals. We conclude that the molecular genetics of psychology and social science requires approaches that go beyond the examination of candidate genes.
|
|
| 10. |
- Class, QA, et al.
(författare)
-
Maternal stress and infant mortality: the importance of the preconception period
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Psychological science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1467-9280 .- 0956-7976. ; 24:7, s. 1309-1316
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although preconception and prenatal maternal stress are associated with adverse outcomes in birth and childhood, their relation to infant mortality remains uncertain. We used logistic regression to study infant mortality risk following maternal stress within a population-based sample of infants born in Sweden between 1973 and 2008 ( N = 3,055,361). Preconception (6–0 months before conception) and prenatal (between conception and birth) stress were defined as death of a first-degree relative of the mother. A total of 20,651 offspring were exposed to preconception stress, 26,731 offspring were exposed to prenatal stress, and 8,398 cases of infant mortality were identified. Preconception stress increased the risk of infant mortality independently of measured covariates, and this association was timing specific and robust across low-risk groups. Prenatal stress did not increase risk of infant mortality. These results suggest that the period immediately before conception may be a sensitive developmental period with ramifications for infant mortality risk.
|
|
