| 1. |
- Cui, Hao, et al.
(author)
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Glucuronyl C5-epimerase is crucial for epithelial cell maturation during embryonic lung development
- 2021
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In: Glycobiology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0959-6658 .- 1460-2423. ; 31:3, s. 223-230
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate that is a sulfated polysaccharide expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of alveolar walls and blood vessels. Targeted interruption of the Hsepi gene, Glce, in mice resulted in neonatal lethality, which is most likely due to lung atelectasis. In this study, we examined the potential mechanisms behind the defect in lung development. Histological analysis of the lungs from embryos revealed no difference in the morphology between wild-type and mutant animals up to E16.5. This suggests that the initial events leading to formation of the lung primordium and branching morphogenesis are not disturbed. However, the distal lung of E17.5-18.5 mutants is still populated by epithelial tubules, lacking the typical saccular structural characteristic of a normal E17.5 lung. Immunostaining revealed strong signals of surfactant protein-C, but a weaker signal of T1 alpha in the mutant lungs in comparison to WT littermates, suggesting differentiation of type I alveolar epithelial cells (AT1) is impaired. One of the parameters contributed to the failure of AT1 maturation is reduced vascularization in the developing lungs.
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| 2. |
- Cui, Hao, et al.
(author)
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Re-expression of glucuronyl C5-epimerase in the mutant MEF cells increases heparan sulfate epimerization but has no influence on the Golgi localization and enzymatic activity of 2-O-sulfotransferase
- 2021
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In: Glycobiology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0959-6658 .- 1460-2423. ; 31:8, s. 1018-1025
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear and complex polysaccharide that modulates the biological activities through protein recognition and interaction. Evidence indicates that protein-binding properties of HS are largely dependent on distinctive sulfation and epimerization patterns that are modified by a series of Golgi-localized enzymes. In particular, the glucuronyl C5-epimerase (Hsepi) converts D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) residues to L-iduronic acid (IdoA) and 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) catalyzes sulfation at C2 position of IdoA and rarely GlcA residues. Mice lacking both Hsepi and 2OST display multiple development defects, indicating the importance of IdoA in HS. Here, to gain greater insights of HS structure-function relationships, as well as a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of Hsepi and 2OST, the fine structure and cellular signaling functions of HS were investigated after restoration of Hsepi in the mutant mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. Introduction of Hsepi into the Hsepi mutant MEF cells led to robustly increased proportion of IdoA residues, which rescued the cell signaling in response to fibroblast growth factor 2. However, we found that Hsepi knockout had no influence on either cellular transport or enzymatic activity of 2OST in the MEF cells, which is not in accord with the findings suggesting that the enzymatic activity and cellular transport of 2OST and Hsepi might be differently regulated.
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| 3. |
- Maccarana, Marco, et al.
(author)
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Inhibition of iduronic acid biosynthesis by ebselen reduces glycosaminoglycan accumulation in mucopolysaccharidosis type I fibroblasts
- 2021
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In: Glycobiology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0959-6658 .- 1460-2423. ; 31:10, s. 1319-1329
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS-I) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase, which removes iduronic acid in both chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) and thereby contributes to the catabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To ameliorate this genetic defect, the patients are currently treated by enzyme replacement and bone marrow transplantation, which have a number of drawbacks. This study was designed to develop an alternative treatment by inhibition of iduronic acid formation. By screening the Prestwick drug library, we identified ebselen as a potent inhibitor of enzymes that produce iduronic acid in CS/DS and HS. Ebselen efficiently inhibited iduronic acid formation during CS/DS synthesis in cultured fibroblasts. Treatment of MPS-I fibroblasts with ebselen not only reduced accumulation of CS/DS but also promoted GAG degradation. In early Xenopus embryos, this drug phenocopied the effect of downregulation of DS-epimerase 1, the main enzyme responsible for iduronic production in CS/DS, suggesting that ebselen inhibits iduronic acid production in vivo. However, ebselen failed to ameliorate the CS/DS and GAG burden in MPS-I mice. Nevertheless, the results propose a potential of iduronic acid substrate reduction therapy for MPS-I patients.
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| 4. |
- Nakato, Eriko, et al.
(author)
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Establishment and characterization of Drosophila cell lines mutant for heparan sulfate modifying enzymes
- 2019
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In: Glycobiology. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. - 0959-6658 .- 1460-2423. ; 29:6, s. 479-489
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A class of carbohydrate-modified proteins, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), play critical roles both in normal development and during disease. Genetic studies using a model organism, Drosophila, have been contributing to understanding the in vivo functions of HSPGs. Despite the many strengths of the Drosophila model for in vivo studies, biochemical analysis of Drosophila HS is somewhat limited, mainly due to the insufficient amount of the material obtained from the animal. To overcome this obstacle, we generated mutant cell lines for four HS modifying enzymes that are critical for the formation of ligand binding sites on HS, Hsepi, Hs2st, Hs6st and Sulf1, using a recently established method. Morphological and immunological analyses of the established lines suggest that they are spindle-shaped cells of mesodermal origin. The disaccharide profiles of HS from these cell lines showed characteristics of lack of each enzyme as well as compensatory modifications by other enzymes. Metabolic radiolabeling of HS allowed us to assess chain length and net charge of the total population of HS in wild-type and Hsepi mutant cell lines. We found that Drosophila HS chains are significantly shorter than those from mammalian cells. BMP signaling assay using Hs6st cells indicates that molecular phenotypes of these cell lines are consistent with previously known in vivo phenomena. The established cell lines will provide us with a direct link between detailed structural information of Drosophila HS and a wealth of knowledge on biological phenotypic data obtained over the last two decades using this animal model.
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| 5. |
- Sandwall, Elina, et al.
(author)
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Heparan sulfate mediates amyloid-beta internalization and cytotoxicity
- 2010
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In: Glycobiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0959-6658 .- 1460-2423. ; 20:5, s. 533-541
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Heparan sulfate (HS) has been found associated with amyloid deposits, including the toxic amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide aggregates in cerebral vasculature and neuronal tissues in patients with Alzheimer's disease. However, the pathophysiological significance of the HS-Abeta interaction has remained unclear. In the present study, we applied cell models to gain insight into the roles of HS in relation to Abeta toxicity. Wild-type Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-WT) cells showed loss of viability following exposure to Abeta40, whereas the HS-deficient cell line, pgsD-677, was essentially resistant. Immunocytochemical analysis showed Abeta internalization by CHO-WT, but not pgsD-677 cells. Abeta40 toxicity was also attenuated in human embryonic kidney cells overexpressing heparanase. Finally, addition of heparin to human umbilical vein endothelial cells prevented internalization of added Abeta40 and protected against Abeta toxicity. Taken together, these findings suggest that cell-surface HS mediates Abeta internalization and toxicity.
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| 6. |
- Tan, Ying-Xia, et al.
(author)
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Overexpression of heparanase in mice promoted megakaryopoiesis
- 2018
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In: Glycobiology. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. - 0959-6658 .- 1460-2423. ; 28:5, s. 269-275
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Heparanase, an endo-glucuronidase that specifically cleaves heparan sulfate (HS), is upregulated in several pathological conditions. In this study, we aimed to find a correlation of heparanase expression and platelets production. In the transgenic mice overexpressing human heparanase (Hpa-tg), hematological analysis of blood samples revealed a significantly higher number of platelets in comparison with wild-type (Ctr) mice, while no significant difference was found in leukocytes and red blood cell number between the two groups. Total number of thiazole orange positive platelets was increased in Hpa-tg vs. Ctr blood, reflecting a higher rate of platelets production. Concomitantly, megakaryocytes from Hpa-tg mice produced more and shorter HS fragments that were shed into the medium. Further, thrombopoietin (TPO) level was elevated in the liver and plasma of Hpa-tg mice. Together, the data indicate that heparanase expression promoted megakaryopoiesis, which may be through upregulated expression of TPO and direct effect of released HS fragments expressed in the megakaryocytes.
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