| 1. |
- Haase, Martina, et al.
(författare)
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GIS-based assessment of sustainable crop residue potentials in European regions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 86, s. 156-171
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper a novel model based on a geographic information system (GIS) is presented for the assessment of sustainable crop residue potentials. The approach is applied to analyse the amount and the spatial distribution (1 km × 1 km grid cells) of cereal straw, root crop and oil plant residues for five European regions, considering spatially differentiated environmental sustainability issues, i.e. organic carbon content in topsoil, soil erodibility, and protected areas. The maximum sustainable residue potential varies strongly between the regions and residue types. In the scenarios Basis and Restrict, it accounts for 45–59% and 24–48% of the theoretical potential respectively without considering competing uses. Among the crop residues, cereal straw shows the highest energy potential in all regions under investigation. In terms of wet mass it accounts for 3.7 Mio. twet/a in North Rhine-Westphalia, 1.6 Mio. twet/a in Île-the-France, 1.2 Mio. twet/a in Wallonia, 0.9 Mio. twet/a in West Midlands, and 0.3 Mio. twet/a in South Netherlands (scenario Basis). Our survey shows that spatially differentiated potential estimations and the inclusion of crop residues other than cereal straw are urgently needed to improve the present rough estimations for crop residues which can be used in a sustainable way. The rather high spatial resolution of our analyses particularly allows for the support of regional stakeholders and prospective investors when it comes to questions of regional availability of biomass resources, transport distances to biomass conversion plants, and identification of suitable plant sites and sizes, respectively.
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| 2. |
- Ketzer, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of sustainable Grassland biomass potentials for energy supply in Northwest Europe
- 2017
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 100, s. 39-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Part of grasslands in Northwest Europe is no longer needed for animal husbandry and could be used to support the energy transition towards renewable energies. For assessing the possible contribution of the feedstock grass, a new improved model based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) has been developed and applied to the model regions in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Germany within the INTERREG project BioenNW - Delivering Local Bioenergy to Northwest Europe. The grassland-to-energy model links geospatial maps data with agricultural data which had been made available by European, national, and regional authorities. The spatially differentiated grass yields rely on an elevation and soil-based classification. The so-called surplus grass is available for energy conversion after satisfying first existing fodder demands from animal husbandry, and secondly environmental sustainability criteria representing a weak sustainability (Basis) scenario and a strong sustainability (Restrict) scenario. The results show large potentials which vary strongly between the model regions. Local biomass potentials account for up to 1416 tonnes per square kilometre dry mass (t/km(2) dm) per year in the Basis scenario in South Netherlands, while the annual mean values for the regions vary between 100 t/km(2) dm in Ile de France and 374 tikm(2) dm in the West Midlands region. Five out of seven regions show surplus grass in the Basis scenario; four regions even in the Restrict scenario. Thus, the model approach provides improved quality and consistency in biomass assessment at different scales and for different regions in the EU.
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| 3. |
- Sparrevik, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Emissions of gases and particles from charcoal/biochar production in rural areas using medium-sized traditional and improved retort kilns
- 2015
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 72, s. 65-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Charcoal is used for cooking in many parts of the developing world. Charcoal from agricultural materials can also be used as a soil amendment to enhance agricultural production, and is often termed biochar in this case. Charcoal may be produced in various types and scales of systems, but for rural tropical areas, traditional kiln technologies without treatment of the pyrolysis gases dominate. Traditional charcoal industry is considered to be both inefficient and polluting, emitting harmful off-gases containing methane, carbon monoxide and particles. Retort kilns, which recirculate and combust the pyrolysis gases internally have been claimed to overcome this problem. Even though retort technology has frequently been discussed, this paper is the first study determining gas emission factors for operational retort kilns in rural tropical areas. The mean emission factors for the retort ldlns found in this study using identical feedstock were (in g kg(-1) charcoal); carbon dioxide (CO2) = 1950 +/- 209, carbon monoxide (CO) = 157 +/- 64, nonmethane volatile organic components (NMVOC) = 6.1 +/- 3.4, methane (CH4) = 24 +/- 17, total solid particles (TSP) = 12 +/- 18, products of incomplete combustion (plc) = 200 +/- 97 and nitric oxides (NOx) = 1.8 +/- 1.0. The corresponding value for the non-retort ldlns tested was in general higher; CO2 = 2380 +/- 973, CO = 480 +/- 141, NMVOC = 13 +/- 3.8, CH4 = 54 +/- 29, TSP = 7.9 +/- 2.6, PIC = 554 +/- 138 and NOx = 4.3 +/- 1.6. The difference between the kiln types was statistically significant (p < 0.05) for CO, NMVOC, PIC and NOx. However, the retort kilns consumed ignitable fuel such as wood in the start-up phase to reach pyrolysis temperature resulting in insignificant difference in yield between retort and non-retort kilns. In addition, retort kilns are more costly than traditional kilns, which may be challenging for implementation. It is therefore important to continue design development, especially with regard to wood consumption during the start-up phase.
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