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- Latvala, Antti, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive ability and risk for substance misuse in men : genetic and environmental correlations in a longitudinal nation-wide family study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Addiction. - Stockholm : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 111:10, s. 1814-1822
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To investigate the association in males between cognitive ability in late adolescence and subsequent substance misuse-related events, and to study the underlying genetic and environmental correlations.Design: A population-based longitudinal study with three different family-based designs. Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to investigate the association at the individual level. Bivariate quantitative genetic modelling in (1) full brothers and maternal half-brothers, (2) full brothers reared together and apart and (3) monozygotic and dizygotic twin brothers was used to estimate genetic and environmental correlations.Setting: Register-based study in Sweden.Participants: The full sample included 1 402 333 Swedish men born 1958-91 and conscripted at mean age 18.2 [standard deviation (SD) = 0.5] years. A total of 1 361 066 men who had no substance misuse events before cognitive assessment at mandatory military conscription were included in the Cox regression models, with a follow-up time of up to 35.6 years.Measures Cognitive ability was assessed at conscription with the Swedish Enlistment Battery. Substance misuse events included alcohol- and drug-related court convictions, medical treatments and deaths, available from governmental registries.Findings: Lower cognitive ability in late adolescence predicted an increased risk for substance misuse events [hazard ratio (HR) for a 1-stanine unit decrease in cognitive ability: 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.29-1.30]. The association was somewhat attenuated within clusters of full brothers (HR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.20-1.23). Quantitative genetic analyses indicated that the association was due primarily to genetic influences; the genetic correlations ranged between -0.39 (95% CI = -0.45, -0.34) and -0.52 (95% CI -0.55, -0.48) in the three different designs.Conclusions: Shared genetic influences appear to underlie the association between low cognitive ability and subsequent risk for substance misuse events among Swedish men.
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- Ahacic, Kozma, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in sobriety in the Swedish population over three decades : age, period or cohort effects?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Addiction. - Abingdon : Carfax. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 107:4, s. 748-755
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims This study aimed to examine age, cohort and period trends in alcohol abstinence.Design Two surveys, the Level of Living Survey collected in 1968, 1974, 1981, 1990 and 2000, and the Swedish Panel Study of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD) collected in 1992 and 2002, were studied with graphical depictions of cross-sectional and longitudinal data presented over time and over age. Cross-sectional 10-year age group differences, time-lag differences between waves and within-cohort differences between waves for 10-year birth cohorts were examined. Logistic regression models were applied to confirm the observed patterns.Setting The samples were representative of the Swedish population.Participants Participants ranged in age from 18 to 75 (n = 5000 per wave), and 77+ at later waves (n = 500).Measurements Alcohol abstinence was determined by asking ‘Do you ever drink wine, beer, or spirits?’, where a ‘no’ response indicated abstinence.Findings Decreases in abstinence rates were observed from 1968 to 2000/02. While cross-sectional analysis indicated increased abstinence with advancing age, the longitudinal analysis suggested otherwise. Inspection of cohort differences revealed little change within cohorts and large differences between cohorts; abstinence rates declined in later-born cohorts up to the 1940s birth cohorts; stability was observed in cohorts born since the 1940s. Logistic regression models indicated that neither age nor period were significant (P > 0.05) predictors of abstinence when cohort (P < 0.001) was included.Conclusion Decreasing proportions of total alcohol abstainers in Sweden from 1968 to 2000 appear to be attributable primarily to decreases in successive cohorts rather than drinkers becoming abstainers.
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- Rehm, J., et al.
(författare)
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Addiction Research Centres and the Nurturing of Creativity. Substance abuse research in a modern health care centre : the case of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
- 2011
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 106:4, s. 689-697
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health is one of the premier centres for research related to substance use and addiction. This research began more than 50 years ago with the Addiction Research Foundation (ARF), an organization that contributed significantly to knowledge about the aetiology, treatment and prevention of substance use, addiction and related harm. After the merger of the ARF with three other institutions in 1998, research on substance use continued, with an additional focus on comorbid substance use and other mental health disorders. In the present paper, we describe the structure of funding and organization and selected current foci of research. We argue for the continuation of this successful model of integrating basic, epidemiological, clinical, health service and prevention research under the roof of a health centre.
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- Berglund, Mats
(författare)
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A better widget? Three lessons for improving addiction treatment from a meta-analytical study
- 2005
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 1360-0443 .- 0965-2140. ; 100:6, s. 742-750
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To discuss how to develop more effective treatment programmes than those currently available for addictive disorders. Data sources The Swedish SBU report, published in English in 2003. was used as a database. It includes 641 randomized controlled trials and seven longitudinal prospective studies. Methods Meta-analytical calculations were performed in several areas using standardized mean differences (d) effect-size estimate and homogeneity testing. Three critical issues have been the focus of the present analysis: the early intervention phase. treatment procedures and their additive properties and the transitional period between early and late effects of treatment. Results The main findings while integrating the results in a new way were that intervention studies with one single session showed a small but robust homogeneous effect size. whereas studies of interventions with several sessions were heterogeneous with large and small effect sizes among the included studies. Similar effect sizes were found in alcohol, opioid and cocaine treatment studies. Agonist treatment yielded the highest effect sizes. Some evidence was found for a possible additive effect for cognitive behaviour therapy and naltrexone as well as for aversive treatment (disulfiram) and psychosocial treatment in alcohol dependence. So far studies on the transition period between short- and long-term outcome are few and inconclusive. Conclusions There is a prospect of improving addiction treatment, and the following areas are suggested by meta-analysis for future research: (a) to examine in more detail the process between the first and second session of intervention; (b) to randomize simultaneously for independent categories of psychosocial and psychopharmacological treatment: and (c) to intensify studies on the transitional period between short- and long-term outcome.
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