| 1. |
- Kanis, J A, et al.
(författare)
-
Epidemiology of osteoporosis and fracture in men.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Calcified tissue international. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0171-967X .- 1432-0827. ; 75:2, s. 90-9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 2. |
- Kanis, John A, et al.
(författare)
-
FRAX(®) with and without Bone Mineral Density
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Calcified tissue international. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0827 .- 0171-967X. ; 90:1, s. 1-13
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of FRAX, particularly in the absence of BMD, has been the subject of some debate and is the focus of this review. The clinical risk factors used in FRAX have high validity as judged from an evidence-based assessment and identify a risk that is responsive to pharmaceutical intervention. Moreover, treatment effects, with the possible exception of alendronate, are not dependent on baseline BMD and strongly suggest that FRAX identifies high-risk patients who respond to pharmaceutical interventions. In addition, the selection of high-risk individuals with FRAX, without knowledge of BMD, preferentially selects for low BMD. The prediction of fractures with the use of clinical risk factors alone in FRAX is comparable to the use of BMD alone to predict fractures and is suitable, therefore, in the many countries where DXA facilities are sparse. In countries where access to BMD is greater, FRAX can be used without BMD in the majority of cases and BMD tests reserved for those close to a probability-based intervention threshold. Whereas the efficacy for agents to reduce fracture risk has not been tested prospectively in randomized controlled trials in patients selected on the basis of FRAX probabilities, there is compelling evidence that FRAX with or without the use of BMD provides a well-validated instrument for targeting patients most likely to benefit from an intervention.
|
|
| 3. |
- Odén, Anders, 1942, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessing the impact of osteoporosis on the burden of hip fractures.
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Calcified Tissue International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0171-967X .- 1432-0827. ; 92:1, s. 42-9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to determine the number of hip fractures within defined countries for 2010 and the proportion attributable to osteoporosis. The number of incident hip fractures in one year in countries for which data were available was calculated from the population demography in 2010 and the age- and sex-specific risk of hip fracture. The number of hip fractures attributed to osteoporosis was computed as the number of hip fractures that would be saved assuming that no individual could have a femoral neck T-score of less than -2.5 SD (i.e., the lowest attainable T-score was that at the threshold of osteoporosis (=-2.5 SD). The total number of new hip fractures for 58 countries was 2.32 million (741,005 in men and 1,578,809 in women) with a female-to-male ratio of 2.13. Of these 1,159,727 (50 %) would be saved if bone mineral density in individuals with osteoporosis were set at a T-score of -2.5 SD. The majority (83 %) of these "prevented" hip fractures were found in men and women at the age of 70 years or more. The 58 countries assessed accounted for 83.5 % of the world population aged 50 years or more. Extrapolation to the world population using age- and sex-specific rates gave an estimated number of hip fractures of approximately 2.7 million in 2010, of which 1,364,717 were preventable with the avoidance of osteoporosis (264,162 in men and 1,100,555 in women). We conclude that osteoporosis accounts for approximately half of all hip fractures. Strategies to prevent osteoporosis could save up to 50 % of all hip fractures.
|
|
| 4. |
- Shah, Furqan A., et al.
(författare)
-
The Orientation of Nanoscale Apatite Platelets in Relation to Osteoblastic-Osteocyte Lacunae on Trabecular Bone Surface.
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Calcified Tissue International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0171-967X .- 1432-0827. ; 98:2, s. 193-205
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The orientation of nanoscale mineral platelets was quantitatively evaluated in relation to the shape of lacunae associated with partially embedded osteocytes (osteoblastic-osteocytes) on the surface of deproteinised trabecular bone of adult sheep. By scanning electron microscopy and image analysis, the mean orientation of mineral platelets at the osteoblastic-osteocyte lacuna (Ot.Lc) floor was found to be 19° ± 14° in the tibia and 20° ± 14° in the femur. Further, the mineral platelets showed a high degree of directional coherency: 37 ± 7 % in the tibia and 38 ± 9 % in the femur. The majority of Ot.Lc in the tibia (69.37 %) and the femur (74.77 %) exhibited a mean orientation of mineral platelets between 0° and 25°, with the largest fraction within a 15°-20° range, 17.12 and 19.8 % in the tibia and femur, respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterise the features observed on the anorganic bone surface. The Ca/P (atomic %) ratio was 1.69 ± 0.1 within the Ot.Lc and 1.68 ± 0.1 externally. Raman spectra of NaOCl-treated bone showed peaks associated with carbonated apatite: ν1, ν2 and ν4 PO4 (3-), and ν1 CO3 (2-), while the collagen amide bands were greatly reduced in intensity compared to untreated bone. The apatite-to-collagen ratio increased considerably after deproteinisation; however, the mineral crystallinity and the carbonate-to-phosphate ratios were unaffected. The ~19°-20° orientation of mineral platelets in at the Ot.Lc floor may be attributable to a gradual rotation of osteoblasts in successive layers relative to the underlying surface, giving rise to the twisted plywood-like pattern of lamellar bone.
|
|
