| 1. |
- Arvidsson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Autism in 3-6-Year-Old Children in a Suburb of Goteborg, Sweden
- 1997
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Ingår i: Autism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1362-3613 .- 1461-7005. ; 1:2, s. 163-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1941 ofthe 3-6-year-old children living in a community outside Gbteborg on the Swedish west coast were screened with a view to identifying all individuals with severe degrees of autistic behaviour. All children in the population were known to well baby clinic staff, and any child suspected of suffering from autism was referred to a specialized clinical research team. The nurses and doctors working in the well baby clinics were well informed about autism. Clinical and ADI-R diagnoses of autism were established after thorough clinical assessments of each suspected case. All children were seen at least twice, and all were over the age of 3 years at the time of diagnosis. The general population prevalence for autism was 3 I in I o,ooo children (9; percent confidence interval 7/ g;). Classic Kanner autism was found in I o in Io,ooo children (9; percent confidence interval-4/24). These rates appear to reflect higher rates than previously reported. Some reasons for the possibly higher prevalence are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Billstedt, Eva, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Aspects of quality of life in adults diagnosed with autism in childhood: a population-based study.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Autism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1362-3613 .- 1461-7005. ; 15:1, s. 7-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study is a long-term prospective follow-up study of a population-based cohort of 120 individuals diagnosed with autism in childhood, followed into late adolescence/early adulthood. Specific aims of the study were to attempt to measure and study social aspects/quality of life in those 108 individuals with autism alive and available for study at the time of follow-up (13-22 years after original diagnosis). A newly constructed scale for rating 'autism-friendly environment'/quality of life was used alongside a structured parent/carer interview assessing current occupation, educational history, services provided, accommodation type, and recreational activities. The majority of the group with autism remained dependent on parents/caregivers for support in education, accommodation and occupational situations. In spite of this, the estimation of the study group's general quality of life was encouragingly positive. Nevertheless, there was an obvious need for improvements in the areas of occupation and recreational activities. Future studies need to look in more depth at the concept of an autism-friendly environment and develop more detailed quality of life assessment tools relevant for people in the autism spectrum.
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| 3. |
- Dahlgren, Sven-Olof, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Referential communication in children with autism spectrum disorder
- 2008
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Ingår i: Autism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1362-3613 .- 1461-7005. ; 12:4, s. 335-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Referential communication was studied in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) including children with autism and Asperger syndrome. The aim was to study alternative explanations to the children’s communicative problems in such situations. Factors studied were theory of mind, IQ, verbal ability and memory. The main results demonstrated diminished performance in children with autism spectrum disorder mirroring performance in everyday life in comparison to verbal IQ and mental age matched typically developing children. Among children with autism spectrum disorders, there was a positive relationship between performance in referential communication and theory of mind. Memory capacity proved also to play a role for success in the task.
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| 4. |
- Dahlgren Sandberg, Annika, 1946, et al.
(författare)
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The Rett Syndrome Complex Communicative Functions in Relation to Developmental Level and Autistic Features
- 2000
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Ingår i: Autism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1362-3613 .- 1461-7005. ; 4:3, s. 249-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Communicative functions and their relationship with overall developmental level and autistic features were studied in eight young women with disorders in the Rett syndrome complex, three with the classical variant and five with variants with partially preserved/ regained speech. The Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales, individual structured observation, and a specially designed structured interview covering early pre-linguistic and linguistic development, current receptive and expressive language and non-verbal communication skills, were used. Autistic features were evaluated in accordance with the DSM-IV. Low levels of communicative abilities and overall functioning were demonstrated. In most cases, the communicative abilities did not reach the level expected on the basis of overall development. Joint attention behaviours and expressions of communicative intent were rare. However, six of the eight subjects showed clear examples of social interaction abilities. ‘Eye pointing’, as distinct from ‘eye communication’, was demonstrated only in a minority of the cases. The level of communicative function at developmental arrest did not predict later language ability. It is suggested that intervention should focus on developing further the joint attention behaviours, intentional communications and communicative functions spontaneously used by individuals with disorders in the Rett syndrome complex.
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| 5. |
- Garvis, Susanne, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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The importance of critical life moments: An explorative study of successful women with autism spectrum disorder.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Autism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1362-3613 .- 1461-7005. ; 21:6, s. 670-677
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ten women with autism spectrum disorder participated in oral interviews in order to share their experiences since their diagnosis and to discuss the factors that had enabled them to achieve success in different aspects of their life. Participants were encouraged to share their perspectives on their success and to discuss the challenges they encountered in their daily lives and how they overcame these. Interviews were analysed using a narrative-themed approach. Participants indicated that both internal and external factors enabled them to achieve success in different aspects of their lives. These included being an agent of change, a changed identity after diagnosis, experiencing the belief of others in their capability and seeing themselves as a mentor to others. Their experiences with overcoming obstacles in their lives enabled them to develop self-efficacy and to shape their own success.
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| 6. |
- Gillberg, Christopher, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Auditory Integration Training in Children with Autism : Brief Report of an Open Pilot Study
- 1997
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Ingår i: Autism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1362-3613 .- 1461-7005. ; 1:1, s. 97-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nine children aged 3-I 6 years with an autistic disorder were given auditory integration training for half-hour sessions during 10 days according to guidelines suggested by Guy Berard. No significant change in overall autistic symptom level could be documented 9 months later. However a small but non-significant reduction of 'sensory problems' as rated by the Autism Behaviour Checklist was noted.
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| 7. |
- Helles, Adam, et al.
(författare)
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Asperger syndrome in males over two decades: Quality of life in relation to diagnostic stability and psychiatric comorbidity
- 2017
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Ingår i: Autism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1362-3613 .- 1461-7005. ; 21:4, s. 458-469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined objective quality of life (work, academic success, living situation, relationships, support system) and subjective quality of life (Sense of Coherence and Short-Form Health Survey-36) in an adult sample of males (n=50, mean age: 30years) with Asperger syndrome diagnosed in childhood and followed prospectively over two decades. The association between long-term diagnostic stability of an autism spectrum disorder and/or comorbid psychiatric disorders with quality of life was also examined. The results showed great variability as regards quality of life. The subsample that no longer fulfilled an autism spectrum disorder had full-time jobs or studies (10/11), independent living (100%), and reported having two or more friends (100%). In the stable autism spectrum disorder group, 41% had full-time job or studies, 51% lived independently, and 33% reported two or more friends, and a significant minority had specialized employments, lived with support from the government, or had no friends. Academic success was positively correlated with IQ. A majority of the total group scored average Sense of Coherence scores, and the mean for Short-Form Health Survey-36 was above average regarding psychical health and below average regarding mental health. Stability of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis was associated with objective but not subjective quality of life, while psychiatric comorbidity was associated with subjective but not objective quality of life.
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| 8. |
- Leekam, Susan, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of ICD-10 and Gillberg's criteria for Asperger syndrome
- 2000
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Ingår i: Autism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1362-3613 .- 1461-7005. ; 4:1, s. 11-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, algorithms designed for the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO) were used to compare the ICD-10 criteria for Asperger syndrome with those suggested by Gillberg. Two hundred children and adults were studied, all of whom met the ICD-10 criteria for childhood autism or atypical autism. Only three (1 percent) met criteria for ICD-10 Asperger syndrome. In contrast, 91 (45 percent) met criteria for Asperger syndrome defined by Gillberg, which more closely resemble Asperger’s own descriptions. Results showed that the discrepancy in diagnosis was due to the ICD-10 requirement for ‘normal’ development of cognitive skills, language, curiosity and self-help skills. When comparisons were based on Gillberg’s criteria only, results showed the participants diagnosed as having Asperger syndrome differed significantly from the rest on all but two of Gillberg’s criteria. However, all of these criteria could be found in some of those not diagnosed as having Asperger syndrome. The results emphasize the differences between the two diagnostic systems. They also question the value of defining a separate subgroup and suggest that a dimensional view of the autistic spectrum is more appropriate than a categorical approach.
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| 9. |
- Norrelgen, Fritjof, et al.
(författare)
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Children with autism spectrum disorders who do not develop phrase speech in the preschool years.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Autism : the international journal of research and practice. - : SAGE Publications. - 1461-7005. ; 19:8, s. 934-943
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is uncertainty about the proportion of children with autism spectrum disorders who do not develop phrase speech during the preschool years. The main purpose of this study was to examine this ratio in a population-based community sample of children. The cohort consisted of 165 children (141 boys, 24 girls) with autism spectrum disorders aged 4-6years followed longitudinally over 2years during which time they had received intervention at a specialized autism center. In this study, data collected at the 2-year follow-up were used. Three categories of expressive language were defined: nonverbal, minimally verbal, and phrase speech. Data from the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-II were used to classify expressive language. A secondary objective of the study was to analyze factors that might be linked to verbal ability, namely, child age, cognitive level, autism subtype and severity of core autism symptoms, developmental regression, epilepsy or other medical conditions, and intensity of intervention. The proportion of children who met the criteria for nonverbal, minimally verbal, and phrase speech were 15%, 10%, and 75%, respectively. The single most important factor linked to expressive language was the child's cognitive level, and all children classified as being nonverbal or minimally verbal had intellectual disability.
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| 10. |
- Posserud, Maj-Britt, et al.
(författare)
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Factor analysis of the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Autism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1362-3613 .- 1461-7005. ; 12:1, s. 99-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigated the factor structure of parent and teacher Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) in a population of 7-9 years old children. For validation purposes, factors derived were correlated with results on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). A three-factor solution was identified on both parent and teacher ASSQ. Most of the variance was explained by one factor including measures of social function, validated by a high correlation with the SDQ peer problems scale. The second factor included measures of autism-associated problems. The items allocated to the third factor were more specific for a cognitive style typically found in high-functioning individuals with autism/Asperger syndrome. This factor did not correlate highly with any of the SDQ subscales. The results indicated that the screening efficiency of ASSQ could be increased by closer examination of the individual profile of factor scores.
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