| 1. |
- Wingbrant, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Using a MISiC-FET sensor for detecting NH3 in SCR systems
- 2005
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Ingår i: IEEE Sensors Journal. - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 5:5, s. 1099-1105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One way to decrease the emitted levels of NOx from diesel engines is to add NH3 in the form of urea to the exhausts after combustion. NH3 will react with NOx in the catalytic converter to form N2 and water, which is called selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The amount of NH3 added may be regulated through closed-loop control by using an NH3 sensor. The metal-insulator silicon-carbide field-effect transistor (MISiC-FET) sensor has previously been tested for this application and has been shown to be sensitive to NH3. Here, the sensors have been further studied in engine SCR systems. Tests on the cross sensitivity to N2O and NO2, and studies concerning the influence of water vapor have been performed in the laboratory. The difference between Ir and Pt films, with regard to catalytic activity, has also been investigated. The sensors were found to be sensitive to NH3 in diesel engine exhausts. The addition of urea was computer controlled, which made it possible to add NH3 in a stair-like fashion to the system and detect it with the MISiC-FET sensors. The presence of water vapor was shown to have the largest effect on the sensors at low levels and the NH3 response was slightly decreased by a background level of NO2.
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| 2. |
- Wingbrant, Helena, et al.
(författare)
-
Co-sputtered metal and SiO2 layers for use in thick-film MISiC NH3 sensors
- 2006
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Ingår i: IEEE Sensors Journal. - 1530-437X. ; 6:4, s. 887-897
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-temperature metal-insulator-silicon-carbide (MISiC) sensors are currently under development for use as NH3 sensors in selective-catalytic-reduction (SCR) systems in diesel engines or non-SCR (NSCR) systems in boilers. The detection of NH3 by these sensors requires the presence of triple points where the gas, the metal, and the insulator meet. These triple points have traditionally been located at the interface between the insulator and a porous metal. However, to facilitate the long-term stability of the devices when used in a harsh environment, a nonporous gate material would be preferred. Here, the behavior of the samples where such triple points have been introduced in a dense film through cosputtering of the insulator (SiO 2), and either Pt or Ir is studied. The NH3 sensitivity of the materials was found to be in accordance with the earlier investigations on Si-based samples with cosputtered gate materials. Several metal-to-insulator ratios for each of the metals Pt and Ir were studied. The sensitivity of the layers as well as their selectivity to different concentrations of NH3 at temperatures ranging from 150 degC to 450 degC was investigated. The films containing 60%-70% Pt or Ir were found to give a high sensitivity toward NH3. These samples were shown to be sensitive also to propylene and H2 but were rather insensitive to NO and CO.
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| 3. |
- Wingbrant, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of catalytic activity on the phase transition governed binary switch point of MISiC-FET lambda sensors
- 2006
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Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1530-437X .- 0169-4332. ; 252:20, s. 7473-7486
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A metal insulator silicon carbide field effect transistor (MISiC-FET) sensor with a catalytic metal gate is currently under development for detecting the lambda value, or air-to-fuel ratio, of gasoline exhausts. It has been noticed that a change from a low to a high signal level of the sensor occurs at a lambda value above 1.00, which is an oxidizing atmosphere. The exact location of the switch point depends both on the kind of gas and gas concentrations chosen to obtain a specific lambda value. The switch point would rather have been expected at 1.00, which is at stoichiometry, irrespective of the composition of the gas mixture. The origin of this phenomenon is studied here by exposing the sensor to lambda stairs while changing different operating parameters. An increase in catalytic activity has been observed to move the switch point of the device towards a lambda value of 1.00. A similar effect is achieved when decreasing the flow or increasing the temperature of operation of the device. The behavior is explained through the introduction of mass transport limitations in the measurement cell, and the difference in diffusion constants and sticking coefficients among the gases when reaction limitation prevails.
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