| 1. |
- Abramsson, Alexandra, 1973, et al.
(author)
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No Association of LOXL1 Gene Polymorphisms with Alzheimer's Disease
- 2011
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In: NeuroMolecular Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1535-1084 .- 1559-1174. ; 13:2, s. 160-166
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aggregation of amyloid-beta is one of the major characteristics in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although several mechanisms behind the formation of such aggregates have been suggested the regulatory factors are still unknown. The present study aimed at investigating the association of lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) polymorphisms with AD diagnosis and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (CSF) for the disease. Proteins of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family are involved in cross-linking extracellular matrix proteins to insoluble fibers and have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases including AD. Genetic polymorphisms in LOXL1 (rs1048661, rs3825942, and rs2165241) have been linked to exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma, conditions that have shown association with AD. The polymorphisms were genotyped by Taqman allelic discrimination in a study sample including AD patients (n = 318) and controls (n = 575). In a subgroup of the population, the polymorphisms were analyzed in relation to APOE epsilon 4 genotype and to CSF (T-tau, P-tau, and A beta(1-42)). No evidence for associations of these polymorphisms with risk for AD or any of the studied CSF biomarkers measured was found. These results do not support LOXL1 as being a major risk gene for AD.
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| 2. |
- Landgren, Sara, 1980, et al.
(author)
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No Association of VEGF Polymorphims with Alzheimer's Disease
- 2010
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In: NeuroMolecular Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1535-1084 .- 1559-1174. ; 12:3, s. 224-228
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The vascular hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has brought the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) into focus. The genomic region including the VEGF gene has been linked to AD and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the VEGF have in previous studies been associated with AD risk. To further evaluate these findings, we genotyped two SNPs in the VEGF gene (rs699947 [-2578]) and rs1570360 [-1154]) by TaqMan Allelic Discrimination in a study sample including AD patients (n = 801) and controls (n = 286). In a subgroup of the population these SNPs were analyzed in relation to APOE epsilon 4 genotype, to cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (T-tau, P-tau, and beta(42)-Amyloid) as well as to neuropathological markers for AD (neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques). No significant associations with risk for AD or any of the studied biomarkers could be found in this study, thus not supporting VEGF as being a major risk gene for AD.
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| 3. |
- Mattsson, Niklas, 1979, et al.
(author)
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Microglial Markers in Alzheimer's Disease: Elevated Chitotriosidase Activity but Lack of Diagnostic Utility
- 2011
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In: NeuroMolecular Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1535-1084 .- 1559-1174. ; 13:2, s. 151-159
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Activated microglial cells, which are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, surround amyloid beta-plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Inflammation including microglial activation may contribute in AD pathogenesis, and biomarkers for this process may thus be of value to study AD pathogenesis and might facilitate development of therapies targeting these cells. We therefore examined cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in patients with AD, other dementias, mild cognitive impairment and in healthy controls. Samples were analyzed for markers with known association to macrophage activity, including chitotriosidase, YKL-40 (CHI3L1, HC gp-39) and chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2, MCP1). Patients with AD had higher chitotriosidase activity than controls and patients with stable mild cognitive impairment, consistent with the presence of activated microglial cells in AD brains, but with large overlaps between groups. CCL2 and YKL-40 concentrations did not differ among groups. Microglial markers are unlikely to be useful for AD diagnosis, but might be useful for identification of distinct subgroups of patients, and for the development and implementation of drugs targeting microglial pathology.
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| 4. |
- Nutu, Magdalena, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Aβ1-15/16 as a potential diagnostic marker in neurodegenerative diseases.
- 2013
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In: Neuromolecular medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1559-1174 .- 1535-1084. ; 15:1, s. 169-79
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) reflect brain biochemistry. Using combined immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we have shown that amyloid beta 1-15 (Aβ1-15) is produced by concerted β- and α-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and that the relative levels of Aβ1-16 in AD compared to controls are increased. Furthermore, drug-induced γ-secretase inhibition enhances the relative levels of Aβ1-15 and Aβ1-16. Here, we investigate a novel immunoassay for Aβ1-15/16 in a broad range of neurodegenerative conditions. The CSF level of Aβ1-15/16 was measured by the bead-based amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (Alpha technology). Concentrations of Aβ1-15/16 were analyzed in subjects with Parkinson disease (PD; n = 90), PD with dementia (PDD) (n = 32), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (n = 68), AD (n = 48), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (n = 45), multiple system atrophy (MSA) (n = 46), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) (n = 12). The detecting antibody is specific to the C-terminal epitope of Aβ15. We found that a carboxypeptidase (CPB) present in fetal bovine serum (FBS), a component of the buffers used, degrades Aβ1-16 to Aβ1-15, which is then detected by the Aβ1-15/16 assay. Significantly, lower levels of Aβ1-15/16 were detected in PD, PDD, PSP, and MSA compared to other neurodegenerative diseases and controls. Using the specific Aβ1-15/16 assay, a reliable quantification of Aβ1-15 or Aβ1-15/16 in CSF samples is obtained. We found reduced levels of Aβ1-15 in parkinsonian disease groups. The molecular mechanism behind this reduction is at present unknown.
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| 5. |
- Portelius, Erik, 1977, et al.
(author)
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Altered Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Amyloid beta and Amyloid Precursor-Like Protein 1 Peptides in Down's Syndrome
- 2014
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In: Neuromolecular medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1535-1084 .- 1559-1174. ; 16:2, s. 510-516
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Down's syndrome (DS) patients develop early Alzheimer's disease pathology with abundant cortical amyloid plaques, likely due to overproduction of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which subsequently leads to amyloid beta (A beta) aggregation. This is reflected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the 42-amino acid long A beta peptide (A beta 1-42), which are increased in young DS patients and decreases with age. However, it is unclear whether DS also affects other aspects of A beta metabolism, including production of shorter C- and N-terminal truncated A beta peptides, and production of peptides from the amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1), which is related to APP, and cleaved by the same enzymatic processing machinery. APLP1-derived peptides may be surrogate markers for A beta 1-42 production in the brain. Here, we used hybrid immunoaffinity-mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to monitor several A beta and APLP1 peptides in CSF from DS patients (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 20). CSF levels of A beta 1-42 and three endogenous peptides derived from APLP1 (APL1 beta 25, APL1 beta 27 and APL1 beta 28) were decreased in DS compared with controls, while a specific A beta peptide, A beta 1-28, was increased in a majority of the DS individuals. This study indicates that DS causes previously unknown specific alterations of APP and APLP1 metabolism.
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| 6. |
- Rosén, Christoffer, 1986, et al.
(author)
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Cerebrospinal fluid profiles of amyloid β-related biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease.
- 2012
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In: Neuromolecular medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1559-1174 .- 1535-1084. ; 14:1, s. 65-73
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The amyloid cascade hypothesis on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) states that amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain is a key factor that initiates the neurodegenerative process. Aβ is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) through sequential cleavages by BACE1 (the major β-secretase in the brain) and γ-secretase. The purpose of this study was to characterize APP metabolism in vivo in AD patients versus cognitively healthy subjects by examining alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. We measured BACE1 activity and concentrations of α- and β-cleaved soluble APP (sAPPα and sAPPβ, respectively) and Aβ40 in CSF, biomarkers that all reflect the metabolism of APP, in 75 AD patients and 65 cognitively healthy controls. These analytes were also applied in a multivariate model to determine whether they provided any added diagnostic value to the core CSF AD biomarkers Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau. We found no significant differences in BACE1 activity or sAPPα, sAPPβ, and Aβ40 concentrations between AD patients and controls. A multivariate model created with all analytes did not improve the separation of AD patients from controls compared with using the core AD biomarkers alone, highlighting the strong diagnostic performance of Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau for AD. However, AD patients in advanced clinical stage, as determined by low MMSE score (≤20), had lower BACE1 activity and sAPPα, sAPPβ, and Aβ40 concentrations than patients with higher MMSE score, suggesting that these markers may be related to the severity of the disease.
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| 7. |
- Shahim, Pashtun, 1984, et al.
(author)
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Stanniocalcin-1 as a Biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders
- 2017
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In: NeuroMolecular Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1535-1084 .- 1559-1174. ; 19:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New YorkStanniocalcin-1 (STC-1) is a nerve cell-enriched protein involved in intracellular calcium homeostasis regulation. Changes in calcium regulation are hypothesized to play a role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The expression of STC-1 increases in response to ischemic stroke, but whether it is altered in neurodegenerative disorder, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has not been investigated before. We measured STC-1 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from a total of 163 individuals including AD, prodromal AD (pAD), mixed AD, stable mild cognitive impairment (sMCI), and diagnoses of other dementia than AD, as well as cognitively normal controls (CNC) enrolled at academic centers in France and Sweden. STC-1 concentration was reliably measureable in all CSF samples and was significantly increased in the initial exploratory cohort of neurochemically enriched AD patients versus AD biomarker-negative controls. In the second cohort, STC-1 was increased in AD versus pAD, and other dementia disorders, but the difference was not statistically significant. In the third cohort, there was no significant difference in STC-1 concentration between AD and CNC; however, STC-1 concentration was significantly decreased in patients with other dementia disorders compared with AD and CNC. Taken together, CSF STC-1 showed an increasing trend in AD, but the findings were not consistent across the three study cohorts. In contrast, CSF STC-1 concentrations were reduced in patients with dementia diagnoses other than AD, as compared with both AD patients and CNC. The findings from these studies suggest CSF STC-1 as a potential biomarker in differential diagnosis of dementias.
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| 8. |
- von Otter, Malin, 1978, et al.
(author)
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Kinesin Light Chain 1 Gene Haplotypes in Three Conformational Diseases
- 2010
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In: NeuroMolecular Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1535-1084 .- 1559-1174. ; 12:3, s. 229-236
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A functional intracellular transport system is essential to maintain cell shape and function especially in elongated cells, e.g. neurons and lens fibre cells. Impaired intracellular transport has been suggested as a common pathological mechanism for age-related diseases characterised by protein aggregation. Here, we hypothesise that common genetic variation in the transport protein kinesin may influence the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related cataract. This case-control study involves a PD material (165 cases and 190 controls), an AD material (653 cases and 845 controls) and a cataract material (495 cases and 183 controls). Genetic variation in the kinesin light chain 1-encoding gene (KLC1) was tagged by six tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Single SNPs and haplotypes were analysed for associations with disease risk, age parameters, mini-mental state examination scores and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for AD using logistic or linear regression. Genetic variation in KLC1 did not influence risk of PD. Weak associations with risk of AD were seen for rs8007903 and rs3212079 (P (c) = 0.04 and P (c) = 0.02, respectively). Two SNPs (rs8007903 and rs8702) influenced risk of cataract (P (c) = 0.0007 and P (c) = 0.04, respectively). However, the allele of rs8007903 that caused increased risk of AD caused reduced risk of cataract, speaking against a common functional effect of this particular SNP in the two diseases. Haplotype analyses did not add significantly to the associations found in the single SNP analyses. Altogether, these results do not convincingly support KLC1 as a major susceptibility gene in any of the studied diseases, although there is a small effect of KLC1 in relation to cataract.
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