| 1. |
- Aitola, Kerttu, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon nanotube-based hybrid hole-transporting material and selective contact for high efficiency perovskite solar cells
- 2016
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Ingår i: Energy & Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 9:2, s. 461-466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate a high efficiency perovskite solar cell with a hybrid hole-transporting material-counter electrode based on a thin single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) film and a drop-cast 2,2,7,-7-tetrakis(N, N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,90-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) hole-transporting material (HTM). The average efficiency of the solar cells was 13.6%, with the record cell yielding 15.5% efficiency. The efficiency of the reference solar cells with spin-coated Spiro-OMeTAD hole-transportingmaterials (HTMs) and an evaporated gold counter electrode was 17.7% (record 18.8%), that of the cells with only a SWCNT counter electrode (CE) without additional HTM was 9.1% (record 11%) and that of the cells with gold deposited directly on the perovskite layer was 5% (record 6.3%). Our results show that it is possible to manufacture high efficiency perovskite solar cells with thin film (thickness less than 1 mu m) completely carbon-based HTMCEs using industrially upscalable manufacturing methods, such as press-transferred CEs and drop-cast HTMs.
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| 2. |
- Ardo, Shane, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways to electrochemical solar-hydrogen technologies
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy & Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 11:10, s. 2768-2783
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solar-powered electrochemical production of hydrogen through water electrolysis is an active and important research endeavor. However, technologies and roadmaps for implementation of this process do not exist. In this perspective paper, we describe potential pathways for solar-hydrogen technologies into the marketplace in the form of photoelectrochemical or photovoltaic-driven electrolysis devices and systems. We detail technical approaches for device and system architectures, economic drivers, societal perceptions, political impacts, technological challenges, and research opportunities. Implementation scenarios are broken down into short-term and long-term markets, and a specific technology roadmap is defined. In the short term, the only plausible economical option will be photovoltaic-driven electrolysis systems for niche applications. In the long term, electrochemical solar-hydrogen technologies could be deployed more broadly in energy markets but will require advances in the technology, significant cost reductions, and/ or policy changes. Ultimately, a transition to a society that significantly relies on solar-hydrogen technologies will benefit from continued creativity and influence from the scientific community.
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| 3. |
- Beckmann, K., et al.
(författare)
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Formation of stoichiometrically O-18-labelled oxygen from the oxidation of O-18-enriched water mediated by a dinuclear manganese complex : a mass spectrometry and EPR study
- 2008
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Ingår i: Energy & Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 1:6, s. 668-676
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oxygen formation was detected for the oxidations of various multinuclear manganese complexes by oxone (HSO5-) in aqueous solution. To determine to what extent water was the source of the evolved O-2, (H2O)-O-18 isotope-labelling experiments coupled with membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) were carried out. We discovered that during the reaction of oxone with [Mn-2(OAc)(2)(bpmp)](+) (1), stoichiometrically labelled oxygen (O-18(2)) was formed. This is the first example of a homogeneous reaction mediated by a synthetic manganese complex where the addition of a strong chemical oxidant yields O-18(2) with labelling percentages matching the theoretically expected values for the case of both O-atoms originating from water. Experiments using lead acetate as an alternative oxidant supported this finding. A detailed investigation of the reaction by EPR spectroscopy, MIMS and Clark-type oxygen detection enabled us to propose potential reaction pathways.
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| 4. |
- Carrod, Andrew J., 1994, et al.
(författare)
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Recent advances in triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion and singlet fission, towards solar energy applications
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energy & Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 15, s. 4982-5016
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solar energy is an ample renewable energy resource, with photovoltaic (PV) technology enabling a direct route from light to electricity. Currently, PVs are limited in photon conversion efficiency, due in major part to spectral losses. Mitigation of these losses is therefore important, economically and environmentally. Two processes that aim to increase solar light utilisation are described herein. The first is triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), through which two incoherent photons of low energy can produce one of higher energy, reducing below bandgap losses. Secondly, singlet fission (SF), through which two triplet states may be obtained from one initial singlet excited state, in theory allowing two electrons per photon in a PV, reducing thermalisation losses. These fields are often covered seperately, despite being the reverse processes of one another. This work aims to consolidate research in the two fields and highlight their similarities and common challenges, specifically those relevant to PV applications. Herein, we cover systems primarily based on organic small molecules (anthracene, rubrene, tetracene, pentacene), and detail the fabrication of functional materials containing them (MOFs, gels, SAMs on TiO2, thin evaporated and solution cast films, and cavities). We further offer our recommendations for the focus of future work in both the TTA and SF fields, and discuss the need to address current limitations such as poor triplet diffusion, limited charge injection to PVs, and material stability. Specifically, one could do this by cherry picking ideas from other research fields, for example photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy could be used as TTA sensitisers, and molecules having a considerable excited state aromaticity could be considered as SF materials. We hope this review may aid development towards the end goal of an efficient PV, incorporating either, or both, SF and TTA-UC materials.
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| 5. |
- Chen, Jingxuan, et al.
(författare)
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Emerging perovskite quantum dot solar cells : feasible approaches to boost performance
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy & Environmental Science. - CAMBRIDGE ENGLAND : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 14:1, s. 224-261
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lead halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs), also called perovskite nanocrystals, are considered as one of the most promising classes of photovoltaic materials for solar cells due to their prominent optoelectronic properties and simple preparation techniques. Remarkable achievements in PQD solar cells (PQDSCs) have been made. In particular, the power conversion efficiency of PQDSCs has been largely pushed from 10.77% to 17.39% (certified 16.6%) by finely controlling the surface chemistry of PQDs and the device physics of PQDSCs. In this review, we summarize the latest advances of emerging PQDSCs and discuss various strategies applied to improve the device performance of PQDSCs, including the synthesis methods, compositional engineering and surface chemistry of PQDs. Moreover, the device operation of PQDSCs is discussed to highlight the effect of device architecture on the photovoltaic performance of PQDSCs. Facing the practical applications of the PQDSCs under ambient conditions, device stability is also highlighted. Finally, conclusions and perspectives are presented along with the possible challenges and opportunities to promote development steps of PQDSCs with higher photovoltaic performance and robust stability.
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| 6. |
- Delannoy, Louis, et al.
(författare)
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Emerging consensus on net energy paves the way for improved integrated assessment modeling
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy & Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 17:1, s. 11-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Extracting, processing, and delivering energy requires energy itself, which reduces the net energy available to society and yields considerable socioeconomic implications. Yet, most mitigation pathways and transition models overlook net energy feedbacks, specifically related to the decline in the quality of fossil fuel deposits, as well as energy requirements of the energy transition. Here, we summarize our position across 8 key points that converge to form a prevailing understanding regarding EROI (Energy Return on Investment), identify areas of investigation for the Net Energy Analysis community, discuss the consequences of net energy in the context of the energy transition, and underline the issues of disregarding it. Particularly, we argue that reductions in net energy can hinder the transition if demand-side measures are not implemented and adopted to limit energy consumption. We also point out the risks posed for the energy transition in the Global South, which, while being the least responsible for climate change, may be amongst the most impacted by both the climate crisis and net energy contraction. Last, we present practical avenues to consider net energy in mitigation pathways and Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), emphasizing the necessity of fostering collaborative efforts among our different research communities.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Freitag, Marina, et al.
(författare)
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High-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells with molecular copper phenanthroline as solid hole conductor
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy & Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 8:9, s. 2634-2637
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Copper phenanthroline complexes in the solid phase can act as efficient molecular hole transporting material (HTM) for hybrid solar cells. We prepared solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with the organic dye LEG4 and bis(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)copper(I/II) (Cu(dmp)(2)) and achieved power conversion efficiencies of more than 8% under 1000 W m(-2) AM1.5G illumination, with open-circuit potentials of more than 1.0 V. The successful application of a copper-complex based HTM paves the way for low-cost and efficient hybrid solar cells, as well as for other opto-electronic devices.
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| 10. |
- Hammarström, Leif, et al.
(författare)
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Proton-coupled electron transfer of tyrosines in Photosystem II and model systems for artificial photosynthesis : the role of a redox-active link between catalyst and photosensitizer
- 2011
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Ingår i: Energy & Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 4:7, s. 2379-2388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water oxidation in Photosystem II is dependent on a particular amino acid residue, Tyrosine(Z). This is a redox intermediate in steady state oxygen evolution and transfers electrons from the water splitting CaMn4 cluster to the central chlorophyll radical P-680(+). This Perspective discusses the functional principles of Tyrosine(Z) as a proton-coupled redox active link, as well as mechanistic studies of synthetic model systems and implications for artificial photosynthesis. Experimental studies of temperature dependence and kinetic isotope effects are important tools to understand these reactions. We emphasize the importance of proton transfer distance and hydrogen bond dynamics that are responsible for variation in the rate of PCET by several orders of magnitude. The mechanistic principles discussed and their functional significance are not limited to tyrosine and biological systems, but are important to take into account when constructing artificial photosynthetic systems. Of particular importance is the role of proton transfer management in water splitting and solar fuel catalysis.
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