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- Cholleti, Harindranath, et al.
(author)
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Vector-borne viruses and their detection by viral metagenomics
- 2018
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In: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8686. ; 8
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks, are important vectors for different viruses (so called vector-borne viruses), some of which cause a significant number of human and animal deaths every year as well as affect public health worldwide. Dengue virus, yellow fever virus, chikungunya virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus and Zika virus are just a few examples of important vector-borne viruses. The majority of all vector-borne viruses have an RNA genome, which routinely undergo genetic modifications. The changes in the genome, apart from the environmental issues, can also influence the spread of viruses to new habitats and hosts and lead to the emergence of novel viruses, which may become a threat to public health. Therefore, it is important to investigate the viruses circulating in arthropod vectors to understand their diversity, host range and evolutionary history as well as to predict new emerging pathogens. The choice of detection method is important, as most of the methods can only detect viruses that have been previously well described. Viral metagenomics is a useful tool to simultaneously identify all the viruses present in a sample, including novel viruses. This review describes vector-borne viruses, their maintenance and emergence in nature, and detection using viral metagenomics.
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- Cholleti, Harindranath, et al.
(author)
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Viral metagenomics reveals the presence of highly divergent quaranjavirus in Rhipicephalus ticks from Mozambique
- 2018
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In: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8686. ; 8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Ticks are primary vectors for many well-known disease-causing agents that affect human and animal populations globally such as tick-borne encephalitis, CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever and African swine fever. In this study, viral metagenomics was used to identify what viruses are present in Rhipicephalus spp. ticks collected in the Zambezi Valley of Mozambique. Methods: The RNA was amplified with sequence-independent single primer amplification (SISPA) and high-throughput sequencing was performed on the Ion Torrent platform. The generated sequences were subjected to quality check and classfied by BLAST. CodonCode aligner and SeqMan were used to assemble the sequences. Results: The majority of viral sequences showed closest sequence identity to the Orthomyxoviridae family, although viruses similar to the Parvoviridae and Coronaviridae were also identified. Nearly complete sequences of five orthomyxoviral segments (HA, NP, PB1, PB2, and PA) were obtained and these showed an amino acid identity of 32–52% to known quaranjaviruses. The sequences were most closely related to the Wellfleet Bay virus, detected and isolated from common eider during a mortality event in the USA. Conclusions: In summary, this study has identified a highly divergent virus with in the Orthomyxoviridae family associated with Rhipicephalus ticks from Mozambique. Further genetic and biological studies are needed in order to investigate potential pathogenesis of the identified orthomyxovirus.
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- Johansson Wensman, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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Bornaviruses in naturally infected Psittacus erithacus in Portugal: insights of molecular epidemiology and ecology
- 2019
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In: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8686. ; 9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The genus Orthobornavirus comprises non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA viruses able to infect humans, mammals, reptiles and various birds. Parrot bornavirus 1 to 8(PaBV-1 to 8) causes neurological and/or gastrointestinal syndromes and death on psittacines. We aimed to identify and to produce epidemiologic knowledge about the etiologic agent associated with a death of two female Psittacus erithacus(grey parrot). Methods and Results: Both parrots were submitted for a complete standardised necropsy. Tissue samples were analysed by PCR. The findings in necropsy were compatible with bornavirus infection. Analysis revealed PaBV-4 related with genotypes detected in captive and in wild birds. The N and X proteins of PaBV-4 were more related to avian bornaviruses, while phosphoprotein was more related to variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1). Within the P gene/phosphoprotein a highly conserved region between and within bornavirus species was found. Conclusions: Portugal is on the routes of the intensive world trade of psittacines. Broad screening studies are required to help understanding the role of wild birds in the emergence and spread of pathogenic bornaviruses. PaBV-4 phosphoprotein is closer to VSBV-1 associated with lethalencephalitis in humans than with some of the avian bornaviruses. The highly conserved P gene/phosphoprotein region is a good target for molecular diagnostics screenings.
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- Torsson, Emeli, et al.
(author)
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History and current status of peste des petits ruminants virus in Tanzania
- 2016
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In: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8686. ; 6
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes the acute, highly contagious disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) that affects small domestic and wild ruminants. PPR is of importance in the small livestock-keeping industry in Tanzania, especially in rural areas as it is an important source of livelihood. Morbidity and case fatality rate can be as high as 80100% in naı¨ve herds; however, in endemic areas, morbidity and case fatality range between 10 and 100% where previous immunity, age, and species of infected animal determine severity of outcome. PPRwas officially confirmed in domestic animals in the Ngorongoro district of Tanzania in 2008. It is now considered to be endemic in the domestic sheep and goat populations throughout Tanzania, but restricted to one or more areas in the small ruminant wildlife population. In this article, we review the history and the current status of PPR in Tanzania and neighboring countries. To control and eradicate PPR in the region, a joint effort between these countries needs to be undertaken. The effort must also secure genuine engagement from the animal holders to succeed.
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