| 1. |
- Leo, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Holistic pedestrian safety assessment for average males and females
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: An integrated assessment framework that enables holistic safety evaluations addressing vulnerable road users (VRU) is introduced and applied in the current study. The developed method enables consideration of both active and passive safety measures and distributions of real-world crash scenario parameters. Methods: The likelihood of a specific virtual testing scenario occurring in real life has been derived from accident databases scaled to European level. Based on pre-crash simulations, it is determined how likely it is that scenarios could be avoided by a specific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) system. For the unavoidable cases, probabilities for specific collision scenarios are determined, and the injury risk for these is determined, subsequently, from in-crash simulations with the VIVA+ Human Body Models combined with the created metamodel for an average male and female model. The integrated assessment framework was applied for the holistic assessment of car-related pedestrian protection using a generic car model to assess the safety benefits of a generic AEB system combined with current passive safety structures. Results: In total, 61,914 virtual testing scenarios have been derived from the different car-pedestrian cases based on real-world crash scenario parameters. Considering the occurrence probability of the virtual testing scenarios, by implementing an AEB, a total crash risk reduction of 81.70% was achieved based on pre-crash simulations. It was shown that 50 in-crash simulations per load case are sufficient to create a metamodel for injury prediction. For the in-crash simulations with the generic vehicle, it was also shown that the injury risk can be reduced by implementing an AEB, as compared to the baseline scenarios. Moreover, as seen in the unavoidable cases, the injury risk for the average male and female is the same for brain injuries and femoral shaft fractures. The average male has a higher risk of skull fractures and fractures of more than three ribs compared to the average female. The average female has a higher risk of proximal femoral fractures than the average male. Conclusions: A novel methodology was developed which allows for movement away from the exclusive use of standard-load case assessments, thus helping to bridge the gap between active and passive safety evaluations.
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| 2. |
- Wu, Jiani, et al.
(författare)
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Non-linear Relationships Between the Built Environment and Walking Frequency Among Older Adults in Zhongshan, China
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Public Health. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-2565. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Promoting walking activity is an effective way to improve the health of older adults. Walking frequency is a critical component of walking behavior and an essential determinant of daily walking levels. To decipher the association between the built environment and walking frequency among older adults, this study's aims are as follows: (1) to empirically test whether non-linear relationships between the two exist, and (2) to identify the thresholds of the built environment characteristics that promote walking. Methods: The walking frequency of old adults was derived from the Zhongshan Household Travel Survey (ZHTS) in 2012. The sample size of old adults aged 60 or over was 4784 from 274 urban and rural neighborhoods. A semi-parametric generalized additive model (GAMM) is used to analyze the non-linear or non-monotonic relationships between the built environment and the walking frequency among older adults. Results: We found that non-linear relationships exist among five out of the six built environment characteristics. Within certain thresholds, the population density, sidewalk density, bus stop density, land use mixture, and the percentage of green space are positively related to older adults' walking trips. Furthermore, the land use mixture and the percentage of green space show an inverse “V”-shaped relationship. Conclusions: Built environment features can either support or hinder the walking frequency among older adults. The findings in the current study contribute to effective land use and transport policies for promoting active travel among older adults.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Dan, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Pedestrians' perceptions of route environments in relation to deterring or facilitating walking
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundEvery walk takes place in a route environment, and it can play an important role in deterring or facilitating walking, and will always affect the environmental unwell – wellbeing of pedestrians. The aim of this study is to illuminate which the important route environmental variables are in this respect. The focus is therefore on pedestrians´ perceptions of route environmental variables and how they relate to overall appraisals of route environments as hindering – stimulating for walking and unsafe – safe for reasons of traffic. MethodsCommuting pedestrians in the inner urban area of Stockholm, Sweden (n = 294, 49.5 ± 10.4 years, 77% women), were recruited via advertisements. They evaluated their own commuting route environments using a self-report tool, the Active Commuting Route Environment Scale (ACRES). Correlation, multiple regression, and mediation analyses were used to study the relationships between the variables and the outcome variables. ResultsAesthetics and greenery appear to strongly stimulate walking, whereas noise, a proxy for motorized traffic, hinders it. Furthermore, aesthetics is positively related to traffic safety, whereas conflicts have the opposite role. Conflicts is an intermediate outcome, representing several basic environmental variables, whereof some were directly and negatively related to unsafe – safe traffic. Conclusion Route environmental variables appear to be potent factors in deterring or facilitating walking. This knowledge is of importance for policymakers and urban planners when designing route environments with the aim of attracting new pedestrians, and simultaneously stimulating those who already walk to keep on.
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| 4. |
- Corrales, M. A., et al.
(författare)
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Explaining and predicting the increased thorax injury in aged females: age and subject-specific thorax geometry coupled with improved bone constitutive models and age-specific material properties evaluated in side impact conditions
- 2024
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Public Health. - 2296-2565. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predicting and understanding thorax injury is fundamental for the assessment and development of safety systems to mitigate injury risk to the increasing and vulnerable aged population. While computational human models have contributed to the understanding of injury biomechanics, contemporary human body models have struggled to predict rib fractures and explain the increased incidence of injury in the aged population. The present study enhanced young and aged human body models (HBMs) by integrating a biofidelic cortical bone constitutive model and population-based bone material properties. The HBMs were evaluated using side impact sled tests assessed using chest compression and number of rib fractures. The increase in thoracic kyphosis and the associated change in rib angle with increasing age, led to increased rib torsional moment increasing the rib shear stress. Coupled with and improved cortical bone constitutive model and aged material properties, the higher resulting shear stress led to an increased number of rib fractures in the aged model. The importance of shear stress resulting from torsional load was further investigated using an isolated rib model. In contrast, HBM chest compression, a common thorax injury-associated metric, was insensitive to the aging factors studied. This study proposes an explanation for the increased incidence of thorax injury with increasing age reported in epidemiological data, and provides an enhanced understanding of human rib mechanics that will benefit assessment and design of future safety systems.
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| 5. |
- Dellve, Lotta, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Development Work in Swedish Eldercare: Resources for Trustworthy, Integrated Managerial Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers In Public Health. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-2565. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The extensive needs for developments of eldercare addressing working conditions, care quality, influence, and safety was highlighted during the pandemic. This mixed-method study contribute with knowledge about capability-strengthening development work and its importance for trustworthy managerial work, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Questionnaire data and narratives from first-line managers immediately before (n = 284) and 16 months into the pandemic (n = 189), structured interviews with development leaders (n = 25), and documents were analyzed. The results identify different focuses of development work. Strategic-level development leaders focused the strengthening of old adults' capabilities. While operational-level leaders approached strengthening employees' capability. First-line managers' rating of their trustworthy managerial work decreased during the pandemic and was associated with their workload, development support and capability-strengthening projects focusing employees' resources. The study demonstrates the gap between strategic and the operational levels regarding understanding of capability set and needed resources for strengthening capabilities and trustworthy, integrated managerial work regarding safety, influence, and quality conditions for old adults and employees.
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| 6. |
- Mishra, Sushruta, et al.
(författare)
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An Explainable Intelligence Driven Query Prioritization Using Balanced Decision Tree Approach for Multi-Level Psychological Disorders Assessment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human emotions affect psychological health to a great level. Positive emotions relate to health improvement; whereas negative emotions may aggravate psychological disorders such as anxiety, stress, and depression. Although there exist several computational methods to predict psychological disorders, most of them provide a black-box view of uncertainty. This research involves developing a novel predictive model for multi class psychological risk recognition with an accurate explainable interface. Standard questionnaires are utilized as data set and a new approach called a Q-Prioritization is employed to drop insignificant questions from the data set. Moreover, a novel balanced decision tree method based on repetitive oversampling is applied for the training and testing of the model. Predictive nature along with its contributing factors are interpreted with three techniques such as permuted feature importance, contrastive explanation, and counterfactual method, which together form a reasoning engine. The prediction outcome generated an impressive performance with an aggregated accuracy of 98.25%. The mean precision, recall, and F-score metric recorded were 0.98, 0.977, and 0.979, respectively. Also, it was noted that without applying Q-Prioritization, the accuracy significantly drops to 90.25%. The error rate observed with our model was only 0.026. The proposed multi-level psychological disorder predictive model can successfully serve as an assistive deployment for medical experts in the effective treatment of mental health.
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| 7. |
- Östlund, Britt, 1956-, et al.
(författare)
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Interactive robots for health in Europe : Technology readiness and adoption potential
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Public Health. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-2565. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionSocial robots are accompanied by high expectations of what they can bring to society and in the healthcare sector. So far, promising assumptions have been presented about how and where social robots are most relevant. We know that the industry has used robots for a long time, but what about social uptake outside industry, specifically, in the healthcare sector? This study discusses what trends are discernible, to better understand the gap between technology readiness and adoption of interactive robots in the welfare and health sectors in Europe. MethodsAn assessment of interactive robot applications at the upper levels of the Technology Readiness Level scale is combined with an assessment of adoption potential based on Rogers' theory of diffusion of innovation. Most robot solutions are dedicated to individual rehabilitation or frailty and stress. Fewer solutions are developed for managing welfare services or public healthcare. ResultsThe results show that while robots are ready from the technological point of view, most of the applications had a low score for demand according to the stakeholders. DiscussionTo enhance social uptake, a more initiated discussion, and more studies on the connections between technology readiness and adoption and use are suggested. Applications being available to users does not mean they have an advantage over previous solutions. Acceptance of robots is also heavily dependent on the impact of regulations as part of the welfare and healthcare sectors in Europe.
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