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- Bohman, Brita
(författare)
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The Ecosystem Approach as a Basis for Managerial Compliance: An Example from the Regulatory Development in the Baltic Sea Region
- 2018
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Ingår i: Langlet, D. and Rayfuse, R. (eds), The Ecosystem Approach in Ocean Planning and Governance: Perspectives from Europe and Beyond. - : Brill/Nijhoff. - 9789004389984 ; , s. 80-116
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Managerial compliance is a concept that was introduced in international law in the 1990s as an alternative view on how and why states comply with international agreements. The basic idea in this view on compliance is that states want to comply with international agreements, and do so, if given the right prerequisites and support instead of being sanctioned for non-compliance i.e. if being given ‘carrots’ rather than ‘sticks’. In short this perspective on compliance and state behaviour includes the theory that encouragement and factors such as technical and financial resources, and administrative support in developing regulatory approaches or measures, are more rewarding in terms of compliance than different forms of sanctions or hard rules. This perspective on compliance can be especially useful in environmental law since effective measures and results often are difficult to assess in relation to complex environmental problems. The chapter shows how the regulatory structure in the Baltic Sea region that developed as a result of the implementation of an ecosystem approach is a system that creates and promotes the characteristics of managerial compliance, and thus strengthens enforcement and general compliance with the given instruments.
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| 2. |
- Gilek, Michael, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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The Ecosystem Approach and Sustainable Development in Baltic Sea Marine Spatial Planning: The Social Pillar, a ‘Slow Train Coming’
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Ecosystem Approach in Ocean Planning and Governance. - Nijhoff : Brill Nijhoff. - 9789004389984 ; , s. 160-194
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter develops an analytical framework, drawing on the multidimensional role of integration, to explore how the Ecosystem Approach (EA) is variously conceived and practiced in marine spatial planning (MSP) in the Baltic Sea region (BSR). This framework is used to examine how EA practices reflect differing conceptions of sustainable development (SD) in Baltic marine and coastal areas. This work intersects with several of the other chapters on marine planning in this volume by explicitly exploring links between EA and SD through examination of in-depth BSR case studies. Results reveal that EA principles for MSP developed at the international level (HELCOM/VASAB) and in some national MSP settings (e.g. Latvia), combined with a common assumption of ecological limits to development, largely acknowledge a wide definition of EA as a governance approach building on societal choice and diverse knowledge inclusion (as seen e.g. in the Malawi principles). However, looking at more specific guidelines and MSP practices, there is a significant gap between espoused principles and the practical implementation of EA in BSR MSP, especially regarding social aspects of sustainability such as participation, social inclusion and knowledge pluralism. While work on ecological services in EA looks promising as a means of developing joined-up thinking between ecological and economic interests, it is uncertain whether this approach can deliver on EA’s social sustainability ambitions. We conclude the chapter by discussing ways that could strengthen the social pillar in MSP as a form of governance to bridge the gap between EA principles and practice.
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| 5. |
- Westholm, Aron, 1984
(författare)
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Delimiting Marine Areas: Ecosystem Approach(es?) in EU Marine Management
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Ecosystem Approach in Ocean Planning and Governance - Perspectives from Europe and Beyond. - Leiden : Brill Nijhoff. - 9789004389984 ; , s. 117-139
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Marine management is a question of delimitations. The sea is a large ecosystem, which, for functional governance, needs to be broken down into smaller, more manageable, units. A central issue for such governance is: what are the appropriate geographic delimitations in terms of ecosystem functionality? A related and equally important question is: what management level within the administrative system is best suited for such governance? The chapter examines how three different EU directives, all pertaining to the marine environment, use different methodologies to identify relevant ecosystem scales, and management levels. Using the Swedish legal system as an example, the results show that there are multiple authorities in charge of marine management, as well as a number of different geographic delimitations of the sea, all within a single member state. These findings are used to inform a discussion on the how the different interpretations of the ecosystem approach create challenges for a coherent and functional management of the coastal and marine environment of the EU.
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