| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Emanuelsson, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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In silico prediction of the peroxisomal proteome in fungi, plants and animals.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 330:2, s. 443-456
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an attempt to improve our abilities to predict peroxisomal proteins, we have combined machine-learning techniques for analyzing peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS1) with domain-based cross-species comparisons between eight eukaryotic genomes. Our results indicate that this combined approach has a significantly higher specificity than earlier attempts to predict peroxisomal localization, without a loss in sensitivity. This allowed us to predict 430 peroxisomal proteins that almost completely lack a localization annotation. These proteins can be grouped into 29 families covering most of the known steps in all known peroxisomal pathways. In general, plants have the highest number of predicted peroxisomal proteins, and fungi the smallest number.
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| 3. |
- Malisauskas, Mantas, et al.
(författare)
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Amyloid protofilaments from the calcium-binding protein equine lysozyme : formation of ring and linear structures depends on pH and metal ion concentration
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 330:4, s. 879-890
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The calcium-binding equine lysozyme has been found to undergo conversion into amyloid fibrils during incubation in solution at acidic pH. At pH 4.5 and 57 °C, where equine lysozyme forms a partially unfolded molten globule state, the protein forms protofilaments with a width of ca. 2 nm. In the absence of Ca2+ the protofilaments are present as annular structures with a diameter of 40–50 nm. In the presence of 10 mM CaCl2 the protofilaments of equine lysozyme are straight or curved; they can assemble into thicker threads, but they do not appear to undergo circularisation. At pH 2.0, where the protein is more destabilised compared to pH 4.5, fibril formation occurs at 37 °C and 57 °C. At pH 2.0, both ring-shaped and linear protofilaments are formed, in which periodic repeats of ca 35 nm can be distinguished clearly. The rings constitute about 10% of all fibrillar species under these conditions and they are characterised by a larger diameter of 70–80 nm. All the structures bind Congo red and thioflavine T in a manner similar to fibrils associated with a variety of amyloid diseases. At pH 2.0, fibril formation is accompanied by some acidic hydrolysis, producing specific fragmentation of the protein, leading to the accumulation of two peptides in particular, consisting of residues 1–80 and 54–125. At the initial stages of incubation, however, full-length equine lysozyme represents the dominant species within the fibrils. We propose that the ring-shaped structures observed here, and in the case of disease-associated proteins such as -synuclein, could be a second generic type of amyloid structure in addition to the more common linear fibrils.
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| 4. |
- Masson, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Drosophila Proteasome Regulator REGγ : Transcriptional Activation by DNA Replication-related Factor DREF and Evidence for a Role in Cell Cycle Progression
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 327:5, s. 1001-1012
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The proteasome regulator REG (PA28γ) is a conserved complex present in metazoan nuclei and is able to stimulate the trypsin-like activity of the proteasome in a non-ATP dependent manner. However, the in vivo function for REGγ in metazoan cells is currently unknown. To understand the role of Drosophila REGγ we have attempted to identify the type of promoter elements regulating its transcription. Mapping the site of the transcription initiation revealed a TATA-less promoter, and a sequence search identified elements found typically in Drosophila genes involved in cell cycle progression and DNA replication. In order to test the relevance of the motifs, REGγ transcriptional assays were carried out with mutations in the proposed promoter. Our results indicate that a single Drosophila replication-related element sequence, DRE, is essential for REGγ transcription. To confirm that REGγ has a role in cell cycle progression, the effect of removing REGγ from S2 cells was tested using RNA interference. Drosophila cells depleted of REGγ showed partial arrests in G1/S cell cycle transition. Immuno-staining of Drosophila embryos revealed that REGγ is typically localized to the nucleus during embryogenesis with increased levels present in invaginating cells during gastrulation. The REGγ was found dispersed throughout the cell volume within mitotic domains undergoing cell division. Finally, database searches suggest that the DRE system may regulate key members of the proteasome system in Drosophila.
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| 5. |
- Meining, Winfried, et al.
(författare)
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The structure of the N-terminal domain of riboflavin synthase in complex with riboflavin at 2.6 A resolution
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 331:5, s. 1053-1063
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Riboflavin synthase of Escherichia coli is a homotrimer with a molecular mass of 70 kDa. The enzyme catalyzes the dismutation of 6,7-dimethyl-8(1'-D-ribityl)-lumazine, affording riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. The N-terminal segment (residues 1-87) and the C-terminal segment (residues 98-187) form beta-barrels with similar fold and a high degree of sequence similarity. A recombinant peptide comprising amino acid residues 1-97 forms a dimer, which binds riboflavin with high affinity. Here,we report the structure of this construct in complex with riboflavin at 2.6 Angstrom resolution. It is demonstrated that the complex can serve as a model for ligand-binding in the native enzyme. The structure and riboflavin-binding mode is in excellent agreement with structural information obtained from the native enzyme from Escherichia coli and riboflavin synthase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The implications for the binding specificity and the regiospecificity of the catalyzed reaction are discussed.
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| 6. |
- von Ossowski, I., et al.
(författare)
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Engineering the exo-loop of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase, Ce17A. A comparison with Phanerochaete chrysosporium Cel7D
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 333:4, s. 817-829
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The exo-loop of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase Cel7A forms the roof of the active site tunnel at the catalytic centre. Mutants were designed to study the role of this loop in crystalline cellulose degradation. A hydrogen bond to substrate made by a tyrosine at the tip of the loop was removed by the Y247F mutation. The mobility of the loop was reduced by introducing a new disulphide bridge in the mutant D241C/D249C. The tip of the loop was deleted in mutant Delta(G245-Y252). No major structural disturbances were observed in the mutant enzymes, nor was the thermostability of the enzyme affected by the mutations. The Y247F mutation caused a slight k(cat) reduction on 4-nitrophenyl lactoside, but only a small effect on cellulose hydrolysis. Deletion of the tip of the loop increased both k(cat) and K-M and gave reduced product inhibition. Increased activity was observed on amorphous cellulose, while only half the original activity remained on crystalline cellulose. Stabilisation of the exo-loop by the disulphide bridge enhanced the activity on both amorphous and crystalline cellulose. The ratio Glc(2)/(Glc(3) + Glc(1)) released from cellulose, which is indicative of processive action, was highest with Tr Cel7A wild-type enzyme and smallest with the deletion mutant on both substrates. Based on these data it seems that the exo-loop of Tr Cel7A has evolved to facilitate processive crystalline cellulose degradation, which does not require significant conformational changes of this loop.
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| 7. |
- Zhang, X F, et al.
(författare)
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A structure-based model of the reaction catalyzed by lumazine synthase from Aquifex aeolicus
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 328:1, s. 167-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 6,7-Dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine is the biosynthetic precursor of riboflavin, which, as a coenzyme, plays a vital role in the electron transfer process for energy production in all cellular organisms. The enzymes involved in lumazine biosynthesis have been studied in considerable detail. However, the conclusive mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by lumazine synthase has remained unclear. Here, we report four crystal structures of the enzyme from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus in complex with different inhibitor compounds. The structures were refined at resolutions of 1.72 Angstrom, 1.85 Angstrom, 2.05 Angstrom and 2.2 Angstrom, respectively. The inhibitors have been designed in order to mimic the substrate, the putative reaction intermediates and the final product. Structural comparisons of the native enzyme and the inhibitor complexes as well as the kinetic data of singlesite mutants of lumazine synthase from Bacillus subtilis showed that several highly conserved residues at the active site, namely Phe22, His88, Arg127, Lys135 and Glu138 are most likely involved in catalysis. A structural model of the catalytic process, which illustrates binding of substrates, enantiomer specificity, proton abstraction/donation, inorganic phosphate elimination, formation of the Schiff base and cyclization is proposed.
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| 8. |
- Almstedt, Karin, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Unfolding a folding disease: folding, misfolding and aggregation of the marble brain syndrome-associated mutant H107Y of human carbonic anhydrase II
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 342:2, s. 619-633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most loss-of-function diseases are caused by aberrant folding of important proteins. These proteins often misfold due to mutations. The disease marble brain syndrome (MBS), known also as carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome (CADS), can manifest in carriers of point mutations in the human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) gene. One mutation associated with MBS entails the His107Tyr substitution. Here, we demonstrate that this mutation is a remarkably destabilizing folding mutation. The loss-of-function is clearly a folding defect, since the mutant shows 64% of CO2 hydration activity compared to that of the wild-type at low temperature where the mutant is folded. On the contrary, its stability towards thermal and guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) denaturation is highly compromised. Using activity assays, CD, fluorescence, NMR, cross-linking, aggregation measurements and molecular modeling, we have mapped the properties of this remarkable mutant. Loss of enzymatic activity had a midpoint temperature of denaturation (Tm) of 16 °C for the mutant compared to 55 °C for the wild-type protein. GuHCl-denaturation (at 4 °C) showed that the native state of the mutant was destabilized by 9.2 kcal/mol. The mutant unfolds through at least two equilibrium intermediates; one novel intermediate that we have termed the molten globule light state and, after further denaturation, the classical molten globule state is populated. Under physiological conditions (neutral pH; 37 °C), the His107Tyr mutant will populate the molten globule light state, likely due to novel interactions between Tyr107 and the surroundings of the critical residue Ser29 that destabilize the native conformation. This intermediate binds the hydrophobic dye 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) but not as strong as the molten globule state, and near-UV CD reveals the presence of significant tertiary structure. Notably, this intermediate is not as prone to aggregation as the classical molten globule. As a proof of concept for an intervention strategy with small molecules, we showed that binding of the CA inhibitor acetazolamide increases the stability of the native state of the mutant by 2.9 kcal/mol in accordance with its strong affinity. Acetazolamide shifts the Tm to 34 °C that protects from misfolding and will enable a substantial fraction of the enzyme pool to survive physiological conditions.
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| 9. |
- Andersson, C. Evalena, et al.
(författare)
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Activation of Ribokinase by Monovalent Cations
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 315:3, s. 409-419
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Arwidsson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Evidence against reciprocal recombination as the basis for tuf gene conversion in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 338:3, s. 463-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The duplicate tuf genes on the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium chromosome co-evolve by a RecA-, RecB-dependent gene conversion mechanism. Gene conversion is defined as a non-reciprocal transfer of genetic information. However, in a replicating bacterial chromosome there is a possibility that a reciprocal genetic exchange between different tuf genes sitting on sister chromosomes could result in "apparent" gene conversion. We asked whether the major mechanism of tuf gene conversion was classical or apparent. We devised a genetic selection that allowed us to isolate and examine both expected products from a reciprocal recombination event between the tuf genes. Using this selection we tested within individual cultures for a correlation in the frequency of jackpots as expected if recombination were reciprocal. We found no correlation, either in the frequency of each type of recombinant product, or in the DNA sequences of the products resulting from each recombination event. We conclude that the evidence argues in favor of a non-reciprocal gene conversion mechanism as the basis for tuf gene co-evolution.
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