| 1. |
- Alem, Yonas, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Why (field) experiments on unethical behavior are important: Comparing stated and revealed behavior
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681. ; 156, s. 71-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding unethical behavior is essential to many phenomena in the real world. We carry out a field experiment in a unique setting that varies the levels of reciprocity and guilt in an ethical decision. A survey more than one year before the field experiment allows us to compare at the individual level stated unethical behavior with revealed behavior in the same situation in the field. Our results indicate a strong discrepancy between stated and revealed behavior, regardless of the specific treatment in the field experiment. This suggests that, given a natural setting, people may actually behave inconsistently with the way in which they otherwise "brand" themselves. Our findings raise caution about the interpretation of stated behavioral measures commonly used in research on unethical behavior. In addition, we show that inducing reciprocity and guilt leads to a decrease in unethical behavior. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Relative consumption of housing : marginal saving subsidies and income taxes as a second-best policy?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier. - 0167-2681 .- 1879-1751. ; 116, s. 439-450
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes whether marginal taxation of labor and capital income are useful second best instruments for internalizing the externalities caused by conspicuous housing consumption, when the government is unable to implement a first best corrective tax on housing wealth. The rationale for studying income taxation in this particular context is that first best taxes on housing wealth may be infeasible (at least in a shorter time perspective), while income taxes indirectly affect both the level and composition of accumulated wealth. We show that a suboptimally low tax on housing wealth provides an incentive for the government to subsidize financial saving and tax labor income at the margin.
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| 3. |
- Berge, Lars Ivar Oppedal, et al.
(författare)
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Gender composition and group dynamics : Evidence from a laboratory experiment with microfinance clients
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681 .- 1879-1751. ; 131, s. 1-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the effect of gender composition on the group dynamics of microfinance clients in Tanzania using a laboratory experiment. We focus on three dimensions: (i) the ability to collaborate on problem-solving, (ii) joint decision-making in risk taking, and (iii) the willingness to cooperate in a public-goods game. Our main finding is that female groups are better at collaborating in problem-solving than male and mixed groups, and are also more willing to take risks. However, in the public-goods game we find no robust evidence of female groups contributing more than male and mixed groups. Our findings suggest that one reason why female loan groups often have higher repayment rates than male and mixed groups may be that female groups are more able to collaborate and find common solutions to common challenges.
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| 4. |
- Blake, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Prosocial norms in the classroom: The role of self-regulation in following norms of giving
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681. ; 115, s. 18-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Children who are prosocial in elementary school tend to have higher academic achievement and experience greater acceptance by their peers in adolescence. Despite this positive influence on educational outcomes, it is still unclear why some children are more prosocial than others in school. The current study investigates a possible link between following a prosocial norm and self-regulation. We tested 433 children between 6 and 13 years of age in two variations of the Dictator Game. Children were asked what they should or would give in the game and then played an actual DG. We show that most children hold a common norm for sharing resources, but that some children fail to follow that norm in the actual game. The gap between norm and behavior was correlated with self-regulation skills on a parent-report individual differences measure. Specifically, we show that two components of self-regulation, attention and inhibition, predict children’s ability to follow the stated norm for giving. These results suggest that some children are poorer at holding the norm in mind and following through on enacting it. We discuss the implications of these results for education and programs that promote social and emotional learning (SEL).
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| 5. |
- Borghans, Lex, et al.
(författare)
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Susceptibility to default training options across the population
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681 .- 1879-1751. ; 117, s. 369-379
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the tendency of people to choose default options when offered courses to acquire job related skills. We ask a random sample of Dutch people aged 6-80 which three skills are most important in their (future or past) jobs. Further on in the survey, we randomly select one of the skills the respondent indicated and (hypothetically) offer the respondent a course regarding this skill. The respondent can accept this offer, but can also exchange it for a course regarding one of the two other skills indicated. Our findings indicate that people generally have a strong tendency to choose the default option. This effect is similar across gender and education level. It appears that the effect of the default option is less strong around age 30 and declines after age 60.
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| 6. |
- De Grip, Andries, et al.
(författare)
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The role of peers in estimating tenure-performance profiles : Evidence from personnel data
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681 .- 1879-1751. ; 126, s. 39-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates how newly hired workers learn on the job and the extent to which this learning is affected by their co-workers’ tenure. We estimate tenure-performance profiles using weekly panel data on individual workers’ performance. The results show a performance increase of 64% in the first year of the employment. We show that, during the first three months, workers placed in teams with more experienced peers have significantly steeper tenure-performance profiles than those employed in teams with less experienced peers. Our results suggest that placing new workers in more experienced teams reduces the time new hires need to become equally productive as an experienced worker by 36%, compared to being placed in less experienced teams.
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| 7. |
- Dijk, Oege
(författare)
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Bank run psychology
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681. ; 144, s. 87-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Banks are inherently susceptible to panics and bank runs due to the problem of maturity mismatch, resulting in both a stable equilibrium in which the bank survives and an unstable equilibrium in which a bank run occurs. Understanding equilibrium selection in this setting is extremely important for safeguarding financial stability. In this paper one new potential factor that determines whether a bank runs gets triggered or not is experimentally studied, namely the psychological state of the depositor. Prior to participating in an experimental bank run game, subjects are either induced with fear, sadness or happiness using an autobiographical emotion induction task. The findings suggest that the presence of background fear significantly increases the likelihood of withdrawal and a subsequent bank run. In addition women are shown to be significantly more likely to withdraw then men, but only in the fear induction treatment. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Dreber Almenberg, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Gender and preferences at a young age: Evidence from Armenia
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier. - 0167-2681. ; 118, s. 318-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We look at gender differences in competitiveness, risk preferences and altruism in a large sample of children and adolescents aged 7-16 in Armenia. Post-Soviet Armenia has few formal barriers to gender equality but is also characterized by a patrilineal kinship system and traditional gender roles. In contrast to research conducted in Western countries, we find that girls increase their performance more than boys in response to competition in a running task. We find no gender differences in the other three tasks we explore: skipping rope, a mathematical task, and a verbal task. We also find no difference in the willingness to compete in either the mathematical or the verbal task. In line with previous research, we find that boys are less altruistic and more risk taking than girls, and that the latter gap appears around the age of puberty.
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| 9. |
- Dreber Almenberg, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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It’s the thought that counts:The role of intentions in noisy repeated games
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier. - 0167-2681. ; 116:5, s. 481-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine cooperation in repeated interactions where intended actions are implemented with noise but intentions are perfectly observable. Observable intentions lead to more cooperation compared to control games where intentions are unobserved, allowing subjects to reach similar cooperation levels as in games without noise. Most subjects condition exclusively on intentions, and use simpler, lower-memory strategies compared to games where intentions are unobservable. When the returns to cooperation are high, some subjects are tolerant, using good outcomes to forgive attempted defections; when the returns to cooperation are low, some subjects are punitive, using bad outcomes to punish accidental defections.
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| 10. |
- Ek, Claes, 1983
(författare)
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Prosocial behavior and policy spillovers: A multi-activity approach
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681. ; 149, s. 356-371
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Observing that people who wish to engage in prosocial behavior are often presented with more than one means to the same end, we develop a model in which agents may contribute to a single public good through a range of different activities. We use this model to make two points. First, noting that effort on one activity has been argued to reduce (moral licensing) as well as increase (moral consistency) effort on other activities, we derive sufficient conditions under which policy to facilitate one activity partially crowds out effort on other activities. Second, we use an example to argue that a given single-activity model may be extended to multiple activities in several alternative ways, and that not all generalizations need reproduce the ideas and results of the original model; in general, careful thinking is needed to determine which multi-activity model is appropriate. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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