| 1. |
- Bergek, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating the supply and demand sides of public support to new technology-based firms
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 42:4, s. 514-529
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyses public support and argues that supply does not match demand in terms of the support needs of different types of new technology-based firms (NTBFs). The demand side of public support to NTBFs is analysed by developing a typology of NTBFs, based on venture origin and degree of innovativeness. Each types characteristics, challenges and support needs are identified. The supply side is analysed in terms of the goals, instruments and level of aggregation of the two main policy areas that provide support for NTBFs: small and medium-sized enterprise policy and science, technology and innovation policy. Finally, the demand and supply sides are compared and three main shortcomings of existing public support to NTBFs are identified. This paper makes a twofold contribution: first, the typology gives guidelines for policy-makers with respect to the support needs of the NTBFs. Second, it identifies shortcomings in existing public support and recommends improvements.
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| 2. |
- Borrás, Susana, et al.
(författare)
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Education, training and skills in innovation policy
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 42:2, s. 215-227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main question that guides this paper is how governments are focusing (and must focus) on competence building (education, training and skills) when designing and implementing innovation policies. After a brief literature review, this paper suggests a typology of internal/external and individual/organizational sources of competences that are related to innovation activities. This serves to examine briefly the most common initiatives that governments are taking in this regard. The paper identifies three overall deficiencies and imbalances in innovation systems in terms of education, training and skills: the insufficient levels of competences in a system, the time lag between firms’ short-term needs for specific competences and the long time required to develop them, and the imbalances between internal and external sources of competences in firms. From these, the paper elaborates a set of overall criteria for the (re)design of policy instruments addressing those tensions and imbalances.
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| 3. |
- Hallonsten, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Formation and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 42:6, s. 841-854
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the formation and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science: synchrotron radiation laboratories. These labs were once peripheral servants of some specialisms of solid-state physics, but over the 40 years studied they have grown into a worldwide generic resource for tens of thousands of users in a broad spectrum of disciplines. The paper uses insights primarily from historical institutionalism, but also neo-institutional theory, to analyze the formation and expansion of the organizational field of synchrotron radiation laboratories, and thus contributes to the analysis of the rather dramatic growth of this tool for experimental science from a small-scale lab curiosity to a generic research technology. But the key contribution of the paper is to provide insights into multi-level and multi-dimensional change in science systems by analyzing the emergence and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science, which has implications not least for science policy.
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| 4. |
- Hallonsten, Olof
(författare)
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Unpreparedness and risk in Big Science policy: Sweden and the European Spallation Source
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 42, s. 415-426
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The politics of European collaborative Big Science are inherently uncertain. The European Spallation Source (ESS) for materials science, planned to be built in Sweden with a collaborative European funding solution that was recently finalized is the most recent example. Sweden has so far invested around one billion SEK (&E110 million), taking a significant risk given these uncertainties and given Sweden’s complete lack of experience in hosting such big labs. Tracing the Swedish government’s investments in the ESS project, this article shows that so far, the Swedish ESS bid seems to be generally well funded, but that a long-term plan for the funding and a contingency plan for increased costs seem to be absent. This adds to the seeming unprepared- ness of Sweden and elevates the already quite high level of risk for Swedish science and science policy of investing in the ESS.
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| 5. |
- Hardeman, Sjoerd, et al.
(författare)
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Characterizing and comparing innovation systems by different 'modes' of knowledge production: A proximity approach
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 42:4, s. 530-548
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Though the concept of innovation systems has become influential in both academia and policy-making, an analytical approach to understanding innovation systems is still lacking. In particular, there is no analytical framework to measure 'Mode 1' and 'Mode 2' knowledge production. We propose a framework based on the proximity concept. Mode 1 and Mode 2 knowledge production are characterized by collaborations with cognitive, organizational, social, institutional and geographical proximity, and distance, respectively. Using a gravity model approach we apply our framework to the case of type 2 diabetes research and provide a characterization of the global innovation system and a comparative analysis of the North American and European innovation systems. Our main results hold that although collaborative research on type 2 diabetes generally follows a logic of proximity and hence is not characterized as Mode 2, important differences and similarities exist between the North American and European innovation systems.
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| 6. |
- Langfeldt, Liv, et al.
(författare)
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Excellence and growth dynamics: A comparative study of the Matthew effect
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 42:5, s. 661-675
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the past two decades, centres of excellence (CoE) and other ‘research excellence initiatives’ likely to increase the cumulative advantages and stratification of science, have been implemented in many countries. Based on empirical studies of CoE in four Nordic countries, this paper examines how the resources provided by CoE schemes (generous long-term funding, prestige and visibility) add to the success and growth dynamics of the CoE. The data indicate a modified Matthew effect with ceilings and limits avoiding excessive accumulation of resources. Important impacts of the CoE are found, in particular in terms of enabling more interdisciplinary collaboration and risk-taking and enhancing international recruitment to the research areas involved. But, in contrast to what might be expected, the CoE grant seem to add less to the relative citation rate of those already performing at the highest level, than for those performing at a somewhat lower level prior to the CoE grant.
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| 7. |
- Nilsson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Regional innovation policy and coordination: Illustrations from Southern Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 42:2, s. 147-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The analytical framework of regional innovation systems highlights the systemic nature of regional economies and the need for policy coordination within regions. Coordination presupposes an understanding of the underlying problems that may act as barriers to regional development. Three generic problems facing regions are: lack of resources (e.g. human and financial capital), negative lock-in (e.g. to historically strong sectors), and fragmentation of actors and activities. There are only a few examples of innovation system studies that investigate these problems by analysing actors and their activities as well as the institutional framework surrounding them. This paper offers a framework for analysing innovation system problems, focusing on actors and activities as well as institutions. In doing so, the need for coordination of activities performed by different actors is highlighted, as is the relevance of neutrality in the coordinating function. Three sectoral policy initiatives in a Swedish region are studied.
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| 8. |
- Rekers, Josephine, et al.
(författare)
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Interdisciplinary research and geography: Overcoming barriers through proximity
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 42:2, s. 242-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contributions on interdisciplinary research have so far focused on barriers to such collaborations and strategies for overcoming these. In this paper, we propose that a geographical perspective contributes to understand the formation of successful interdisciplinary research collaborations. The empirical analysis of a centre for clinical cancer research illustrates the importance of considering the role of geographical proximity to collaborators and decision-makers, as well as the co-location of excellent research groups within different fields, in overcoming barriers to interdisciplinary research. We suggest that policies aimed at stimulating lasting interdisciplinary research collaborations should take the distance between collaborators into account.
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| 9. |
- Rosenlund, Joacim, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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A cross-national environmental cluster collaboration : Shifting between an analytical and management level of the triple helix
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 42:4, s. 583-593
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The STInno project, which was part of the EU Framework Programme 7 aimed to minimise thedistance between south–north regions in Europe with a specific focus on wastewater treatmentclusters. Three triple helix collaborations from three different countries participated, using theirknowledge to work on a case study of olive mill wastewaters. The objective of this paper was tostudy how the triple helix functioned in practice. Results showed that a management model of thetriple helix is somewhat different from the analytical model. A shift between these two viewsoccurred during the project and the participants had to relate to this, as it had an effect onthe outcomes. Concepts of social capital and trust are used to further elaborate on this byemphasising the importance of the people side of the triple helix and how the original, analyticalmodel can be limiting when used in management practice.
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| 10. |
- Schwaag-Serger, Sylvia, et al.
(författare)
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Chinese university governance: Tensions and reforms
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 42:6, s. 871-886
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chinese universities have undergone a massive transformation in recent decades. In addition to a dramatic increase in the number of universities and students, universities have shifted from primarily providing education to emphasizing research. Omnipresent political control is to be replaced by stronger academic self-organization. The result so far is a growing stratification of Chinese universities, with a few select research universities receiving the bulk of government research funding and a large number of universities with very little public funding for research which focus primarily on education. The rapidly changing landscape, with growing numbers but also increasing stratification and with conflicting relations between political control and self-organization, has given rise to tensions within universities and within the higher education system. In this paper, we identify these tensions and discuss their implications for China’s quest to establish world-class universities and to achieve the transition to an innovation-oriented nation. Key words
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