| 1. |
- Abdullah, Twana, et al.
(author)
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Groundwater Vulnerability Mapping Using Lineament Density on Standard DRASTIC Model : Case Study in Halabja Saidsadiq Basin, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- 2015
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In: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:10, s. 644-667
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Groundwater is the most important source of water in the Halabja-Saidsadiq Basin. In this study, to generate a map of groundwater pollution vulnerability of the basin, the standard DRASTIC method has been applied. Due to the close relation between lineament density and groundwater flow and yield, the lineament density map was applied to the standard DRASTIC model in order to ensure accuracy towards the consideration of the effects of potential vulnerability to contamination. A lineament map is extracted from Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) satellite imagery using different techniques in remote sensing and GIS. The lineament density map illustrates that only six classes of lineament density can be identified ranged from (0 - 2.4). The lineament density map was rated and weighted and then converted to lineament index map. This index map is an additional parameter which was added to the standard DRASTIC model so as to map the modified DRASTIC vulnerability in HSB. The standard vulnerability map, classified the basin into four vulnerability index zones: very low (34%), low (13%), moderate (48%) and high (5%). While the modified model classified the area into four categories as well: very low (28.75%), low (14.31%), moderate (46.91%) and high (10.04%). The results demonstrate that there is no significant variation in the rate of vulnerability. Therefore, the nitrate concentration between two different seasons (dry and wet) was analyzed from (30) water wells, considerable variations in nitrate concentration from dry to wet seasons had been noted. Consequently, it confirmed that the HSB are capable to receive the contaminant because of suitability in terms of geological and hydrogeological conditions. Based on this verification, it could be claimed that the effect of lineament density is weak on the vulnerability system in HSB, because of its low density value.
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| 2. |
- Al-Dahan, Saadi A. M., et al.
(author)
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Relationship between Selected Hydrochemical Parameters in Springs of Najaf Province, Iraq
- 2015
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In: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:6, s. 337-346
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Several springs exist at the south-western desert of Iraq in Najaf Province at latitude 31˚00' -32˚15' and longitude 43˚30' - 44˚30'. They are almost parallel to Euphrates River on the eastern edge of western desert. General direction for the distribution of springs coincides with that of faults running northwest-southeast. The Hydrogen sulfide, temperature, pH and electrical conductivity were investigated in these springs. The analyses indicated that the concentration of H2S decreased from northwest toward southeast which is attributed to the escape of this gas to the atmosphere during the flow of groundwater near or on the earth surface. The surrounding geologic conditions did not affect the temperature and pH of the springs. Electrical conductivity showed an increase from northwest towards southeast which reflects dissolving more ions from the rocks of the aquifer. The electrical conductivity and hydrogen sulfide concentration had reverse relationship.
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| 3. |
- Alanbari, Mohammad, et al.
(author)
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Application of SimaPro7 on Al-Hilla City Sewerage Network, Iraq
- 2015
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In: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:5, s. 224-229
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- SimaPro is a software package designed to make a valuable contribution for analyzing the environmental impact on products during their whole life cycle. A huge amount of knowledge about the environment is built into the program and database, enabling to analyze a product with a minimum of specialized knowledge. In this study, SimaPro was used to analyze and evaluate the impacts that resulted from sewerage network in Al-Hilla city, Iraq. The results of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) showed that sewerage network had an impact and damage on the environment by 291 points for every cubic meter of collect wastewater. The most potential environmental impacts were global warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable energy, contributing to the sewerage network. The study also showed that most of the effects were as a result of energy consumption in the pumping of wastewater, pipes used and diesel using for network operation.
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| 4. |
- Altaie, Entidhar, et al.
(author)
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Effect of Material Used in Concrete Mixture on the Foundation Stresses on Soil
- 2015
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In: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:10, s. 668-675
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sustainable design, green architecture and sustainable construction are new methods for design and construction that are employed for environmental and economic challenges. Clay and bricks proved as sustainable building materials. In this paper, crush brick in the concrete mixture instead of normal coarse aggregate will be used. STAAD Prov8i software was applied for the designed of a hypothetical building in different sites of the three locations in Iraq (Mosul at the north, Baghdad at the center and Basrah at the south). The input model data used in the software were depending on the field and laboratory tests done for twenty three sites in the three locations of Iraq. Concrete properties values were used in the software for concrete mixture with crushed bricks. The results values of base pressure obtained from the software were low for the three locations. The maximum values of base pressure under the foundation for both the average and the minimum bearing capacity values for Mosul region for the normal strength concrete and air-entrained were (94, 84) kPa and (91, 82) kPa respectively, for Baghdad region were (89, 82) kPa and (86, 81) kPa respectively. Finally, for Basrah, the results for the base pressure were (84, 77) kPa and (82, 76) kPa, respectively. The results values of the base pressure were less for all locations compared with the base pressure values obtained from a previous work for the same locations. The use of crushed brick as aggregate in the concrete mixture is economical due to its availability as local material and it is durable materials with low weight.
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| 5. |
- Altaie, Entidhar, et al.
(author)
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Estimation of Settlement under Shallow Foundation for Different Regions in Iraq Using SAFE Software
- 2015
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In: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:7, s. 379-386
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Foundation design must satisfy limited values of settlement. Settlement is an essential criterion in the design process of shallow foundations. To calculate the settlement under different types of shallow foundations, 79 samples were taken from twenty-three sites distributed in three regions:Mosul, Baghdad and Basrah in the northern, central and southern parts of Iraq. Field and laboratory tests were performed to obtain the strength parameters to calculate the bearing capacity. The results obtained for the bearing capacity were used in SAFE software. The software was used to design and analyze the foundation and to calculate the settlements under two types of foundations (raft and continuous) for the three regions. Average and minimum values of bearing capacity wereused. The software used subgrade reaction modules values for the design and analysis. According to the results, the suitable, safe and economical type of foundation to be used in Mosul, Baghdad and Basrah regions for the average value of bearing capacity is the continuous type for the first two regions while the raft type is recommended for Basrah region. In case that the minimumbearing capacity values are used, raft foundation is recommended for Mosul and Baghdad. While deep foundation is the suitable type of foundation for Basrah region.
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| 6. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(author)
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Present Status of Solid Waste Management at Babylon Governorate, Iraq
- 2015
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In: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 5:7, s. 408-423
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Babylon Governorate covers an area of 5315 km2 with a population that reaches about 1,974,490 inhabitants in the central part of Iraq. Iraq produced 31,000 tons/day solid waste in 2013. The Governorate of Babylon produces annual 483,221 tons of solid waste. Management of collection and disposal of waste in Babylon Governorate is done through open dumping of waste and poor collection process. These sites do not conform to the scientific and environmental criteria applied in the selection of landfill sites. To find out how much solid waste is expected in the future, two methods were used to calculate the population growth in Babylon Governorate to the year 2030. The results showed that the total waste in 2030 will be 761,104 tons and 943055 tons while the cumulated quantity of solid waste expected till 2030 was 12,494,521 tons and 14,095,437 tons according to the first and second methods respectively.
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| 7. |
- Hazim, Ammar, et al.
(author)
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Turbulent modulation in particulate flow: A review of critical variables
- 2015
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In: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:10, s. 597-609
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A review of the main mechanisms influencing turbulent modulation in the presence of spherical and non-spherical particles is presented. The review demonstrates the need for more numerical and experimental work with higher accuracy than obtained so far and the need to resolve the flow near the surface of particles with the aim to re-evaluate the quantitative effect of different parameters on turbulent modulation. The review reveals that non-spherical particles have more adverse effect on turbulence as compared to spherical ones, for the same ambient conditions
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| 8. |
- Issa, Issa E., et al.
(author)
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Monitoring and Evaluating the Sedimentation Process in Mosul Dam Reservoir Using Trap Efficiency Approaches
- 2015
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In: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:4, s. 190-202
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Reservoirs are usually exposed to sediment accumulation problems that will lead to reduction in their storage capacity. This problem directly affects the performance of the dams and causes shortage of their useful life. The simplest technique to estimate sediment deposition rate is using sediment rating curve with sediment trapping efficiency (TE) of the reservoir. Many empirical and semi-empirical approaches have been suggested for to determine this term depending on the annual inflow rate, reservoir characteristics and features of the catchments area. In this study six different empirical methods depending on the residence time principle (water retention time) were used. These approaches were reviewed and applied to determine TE of Mosul dam reservoir (MDR) for period 1986 to 2011. The monthly operating data for inflow, outflow and water elevations for MDR were used to determine monthly TE and long-term TE for whole period of MDR using the mentioned methods. Furthermore, the monthly inflow rate for River Tigris upstream MDR, its sediment rating curve and sediment feeding from valleys around MDR were used to estimate the amount sediment coming to the reservoir. The results provided by these methods for TE withsediment coming to MDR were used to compute the amount of sediment deposited in MDR on monthly bases during this period. The results obtained were evaluated using observed bathymetric survey data that had been collected in 2011 after 25 years of the operation of the dam. The results showed all the mentioned methods gave convergent results and they were very close to bathymetric survey results for estimating the volume of sediment deposited especially that proposed by Ward which gave 0.368% percentage error. Furthermore, the result computed using monthly TE gave good agreement if compared with that long-term TE where the percentage error was ranging between −3.229% to 1.674% for monthly adopted data and −4.862% to −2.477% for whole period data. It is believed that this work will help others to use this procedure on other reservoirs.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al.
(author)
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Development of Gulley Ali Beg Gorge in Rawandooz Area, Northern Iraq
- 2015
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In: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 7:1, s. 16-30
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The northern and northeastern parts of the Iraqi exhibit different types of gorges. Some of themare few kilometers in length and few hundred meters in height. The most significant gorge is theGulley Ali Bed gorge in Rawandooz area; its length is about 12.1 Km, with maximum and minimumwidths of 100 to 155 m, respectively. The water in the gorge flows in two opposite directions, fromthe north and south through two streams; they meet in the middle of the gorge, and then changethe streams direction towards west; for few kilometers before it merges in the Greater Zab River.The gorge runs within very hard thickly bedded to massive carbonate rocks, which belong to Sarmord,Qamchuqa and Bekhme formations (Cretaceous in age). To the right of the southern entrance;stands Korak anticline, whereas to the left occurs Peris anticline. To the right of the northernentrance; stands Handreen anticline, whereas to the left is Bradost anticline; represented byBalikian Mountain. The gorge is developed by continuous lateral and vertical growth of the fourmentioned anticlines, with continuous incision of both streams, Rawandooz from the north andKhlaifan from the south. Both shifted their courses, continuously
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