| 1. |
- Afshari, Alireza, 1956
(författare)
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Determination of VOC Emissions from Surface Coatings by Environmental Test Chamber Measurements
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The emitting properties of different building materials are obtained by measurements in environmental chambers of a few established designs. In order to interpret the results from the measurements and to predict the influence on the indoor environment, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the parameters governing the emission process. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to this understanding by focusing on the process of emission of chemicals from building materials and on the influence of a number of parameters governing the process. In emission studies reported in the literature, few investigations deal with the comparison of the VOC emission rates obtained by measurements in different test chambers. In the present study, a 1m3-chamber, a CLIMPAQ and a FLEC were used for measurement of the concentrations of various compounds from surface coatings. The study focuses on parameters which could be considered to have a substantial influence on the emission rates, or which do not appear to have been thoroughly studied previously. Interest has mainly been focused on the influence of air velocity, airflow rate and sorption on the emission rate, when other parameters have been maintained constant. It was found that during the first 24 hours, by varying the airflow rate under given test conditions in a test chamber, a number of physical parameters have a direct influence on the emission process. From the start of the test until steady state has been reached, the measured concentration variations may be divided into three different phases. The results from measurements showed that the higher the airflow rates, the faster a steady state was attained. Furthermore, all the selected substances did not reach steady state at the same time during the experiments. The effect of the air velocity above the surface on the emission of VOCs was studied in the three mentioned environmental chambers. It was found that the emission rates of the compounds at 22, 23 and 24 hours after the start of the test systematically increase with increasing air velocity. It was possible to determine the magnitude of increase to 10-20%. However, it was difficult to determine the exact level of increase of the emission rate, due to the uncertainty of the measurements and the low levels of increase. Finally, the characterisation of adsorption of VOCs on the inside of the empty chambers has been studied. The experimental studies for all three chambers show that the sorption of substances in the 1 m3-chamber was slightly lower than in the FLEC. The CLIMPAQ shows a larger capacity of sorption with material specimens than without material specimens. This indicates that the gases emitted from painted plates adsorb again onto the test materials.
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| 2. |
- Allenström, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Amplification of ship generated wake wash due to coastal effects
- 2003
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Ingår i: Transactions - Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. - 0081-1661. ; 111, s. 61-77
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper discusses the results from extensive wake wash measurements carried out with a model of a ROPAX ship passing a bay. The tests were carried out in SSPA 's sea-keeping and maneuvering basin. This model had been subjected to wash wave measurements in open water in previous tests, which gave possibilities for comparisons between restricted and unrestricted waters'. Six wave gauges were placed inside and outside the bay, and a significant drawdown was noticed in addition to amplifications of the Kelvin waves. The drawdown and the Kelvin waves that occurred in the bay are difficult to explain, but this paper makes an attempt to analyze the phenomena that occur. The different wave theories that can be used in this case are presented The methods that are used for analyzing the measured signals are described One conclusion that can be made is that drawdown caused by the Bernoulli wave can probably be considered a worse problem than ordinary wash waves (Kelvin waves) in restricted and especially shallow waters when looking at large displacement ships.
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| 3. |
- Almeida Costa, Nicole, 1988
(författare)
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Human Centred Design for Maritime Safety: A User Perspective on the Benefits and Success Factors of User Participation in the Design of Ships and Ship Systems
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For over six decades, Human Centred Design (HCD) has been considered a desired design approach for the implementation of Human Factors/Ergonomics (HF/E) knowledge and methods for understanding the needs of the end-users. Although other comparable frameworks exist, they can be seen as subcategories or as tools for HCD, as HCD is considered by some as an overarching approach. This design approach has gradually been integrated into different fields, but engineering sciences have been more reluctant towards embracing its adoption. Although these challenges may be explicable – one of them being that HF/E methods are often not immediately understood and applicable in industrial settings – the maritime sector has begun to overcome these challenges and to understand and highlight the impact of the human element on the safety and efficiency of maritime operations and environmental protection. Nevertheless, more initiative and attention to HF/E is needed. Thus, the work considered in this thesis takes a proactive approach towards the integration of HCD in the maritime domain by involving maritime end-users in a discussion about the opportunities of human-centred and participatory design. This was done through two focus group interviews with two different participant samples of end-users, with special focus on the navigation of merchant vessels. The analysis of the focus group interviews was guided by a Grounded Theory approach. The work presented in this thesis is part of the project Crew-Centered Design and Operation of Ships and Ship Systems (CyClaDes), supported by funds from the European Commission and its Seventh Framework Programme. The CyClaDes project intended to promote the increased potential impact of HF/E and HCD knowledge on ship design and operations, by understanding where and how to best integrate it and where and how barriers to its integration occur. The findings in this thesis highlight HCD and its participatory principle as a means to attain a set of benefits at a physical, cognitive, psychosocial, organizational, and socio-political levels, and ultimately attain safer maritime operations. The results suggest that successful integration of a human-centred and participatory design philosophy in the maritime domain should include more and appropriate user representativeness within design, rule-making and purchasing to bridge the gap between the requirements of the users and of other stakeholders, between design and usability. The benefits of, and the prerequisites for, successful HCD integration within the complex sociotechnical system of shipping describe a holistic model for maritime HCD.
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| 4. |
- Almeida Costa, Nicole, 1988
(författare)
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Human-centred design for maritime technology and organizational change
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Context: The shipping industry is undergoing a transitional phase at different levels, including IMO’s e-Navigation initiative, and with this comes the need to use a human-centred design (HCD) approach to avoid accidents linked to automation issues, and to cater for the maintenance of safety and efficiency within this global transport system. Aims: The aim of this thesis is to investigate the value and challenges in HCD practice and how ergonomics/human factors (E/HF) principles can be introduced, as well as what gaps and opportunities exist in current standard operations and technologies in navigation that can potentially be followed upon by future e-Navigation developments, not only from a technological perspective but also regulatory, operational etc. Methods: This thesis derives from the work of six appended articles that mainly utilized a qualitative approach to data collections, including focus groups, interviews and observations, and to data analyses, such as narratives and a grounded theory approach. In total, two design teams and four separate sets of onboard and shore-based operators were consulted for data collection. Results: The results from the appended papers suggest that user involvement in design as well as in rule making and purchasing of new ship equipment was perceived as important for a good work environment, and efficient and safe operations onboard in this safety-critical industry. The results show that design projects are situated experiences that involve complex tasks and resource management, and that require re-iterative adaptations throughout the process. In involving the users and implementing E/HF methods, support from the management is needed and professional E/HF expertise should be a part of the team to help interpret E/HF methods and guide the process to foster continuous knowledge sharing within the team, the organization and with the users from an early stage. When investigating current operations and technologies in navigation, it was evident that gaps exist that can be improved by the redesign of current technologies or the implementation of novel e-Navigation solutions. For example, there is a large number of unintegrated systems and information sources today, and everyday routines and information across geographical areas and communication channels are not unified. Technology concepts and developments towards the e-Navigation principles have been considerably debated, yet there are still gaps that can be filled, and despite e-Navigation’s principle for HCD, the holistic – macro – perspective of the development of these new technologies seems to be under-exploited. Conclusions: Filling the existing gaps with available novel technologies is not enough to guarantee efficiency and safety in the domain, nor to guarantee acceptance. A more systemic perspective is needed, of how the different people and processes in the sea transport system can be affected by the introduction of new technology in terms of how work is performed, of regulations, new training and re-skilling, as well as of preparation for new issues that may arise with increased automation such as workload and cyber-security. This work points at the value and practice of E/HF and systems-driven design, and directs it at change makers and opinion leaders: designers, managers, rule-makers, educators, to consider the human element for safety and efficiency. In this transitional stage, one of the great values of E/HF is to more proactively prepare the shipping industry for the ongoing e-Navigation changes rather than having the industry adapt operations, regulations, training and plan the sustainability of the transport system ad hoc after technology implementation.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Almeida Costa, Nicole, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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THE VALUES OF ERGONOMICS IN SHIP DESIGN AND OPERATION
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects - Human Factors in Ship Design & Operation Conference. ; , s. 15-26
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The industry of shipping and ship design involves a set of requirements and business strategies that aim at reliability, efficiency, keeping up with state-of-the-art technology and creating a competitive advantage. Inattention to ergonomics (or human factors) in the process may, however, jeopardize the safety of onboard operations and, in turn, implicate higher costs for the company. Ergonomics and user involvement applied to design through a User-centred Design (UCD) approach is believed to result in several success factors that improve the overall safety and quality of work and life onboard.This study explores and disseminates the success factors of UCD from which seafarers believe they can benefit as ship users. Such is done by cross-examining data from two focus group interviews comprised predominantly by participants with seagoing experience. The results show that the participants perceive UCD as an added value in terms of physical, cognitive, psychosocial and organizational improvements. Communication between stakeholders, usability, safety and satisfaction are a few of the categories that result from the identified success factors.This study conveys a comprehensive summary of the success factors collected in the focus groups, of the corresponding categories and of the affected dimensions of life and work onboard. Such findings represent the importance of UCD for those who operate ships and may serve as an incentive for ship-owners and designers to adopt a UCD approach, as well as for researchers to continue studying this subject further.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Amiryarahmadi, Nata
(författare)
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A Virtual Design Studio for Low-Frequency Sound from Walking in Lightweight Buildings
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent years there has been a growing interest for building lightweight multistorey woodenresidential buildings in countries like Sweden with large and renewable forests. While positive aspectsof these buildings, such as sustainability, ease of construction and lightness, motivate building more inwood, poor acoustic performance is a risk which concerns the wooden-building industry.Low-frequency impact sound from walking of the neighbors upstairs is the main source of complaintsabout the acoustic performance of these buildings. The disturbance caused by walking sounds,transmitted through lightweight wooden floors, results in acoustic discomfort and impairs theperceived quality of the building; sometimes even when the building has fulfilled an acoustic classhigher than minimum requirement, according to the national standard on sound classification and itssingle number ratings. The standard methods for objective evaluation of impact sound insulation offloors cannot predict, at a satisfactory level, the walking sound annoyance that the inhabitants ofwooden buildings experience. This causes an uncertainty about the resulting perceived quality of thesebuildings, which greatly concerns the building manufacturers and demotivates them from choosinglightweight wooden elements over heavyweight building materials such as concrete. This uncertaintycan be overcome by evaluating the perceived acoustic quality of the building prior to its construction.One solution is to build test houses where the subjective acoustic performance of floor samples can beevaluated in advance to the building construction. However, building a test house is expensive;besides, for evaluating the effect of every design modification on the experienced acoustic comfort ofthe building, a real floor sample has to be built and installed in the house, which would be timeconsumingand costly. An alternative solution is to use virtual acoustic test facilities.In this thesis a virtual design studio for impact sound is developed. It is a tool that facilitates creatingand listening to the acoustic field generated by impact forces such as footsteps on lightweight floors. Italso provides the possibility to evaluate the acoustic performance of floor elements in an early designphase, and to investigate the correlation between design parameters and the perceived impact soundinsulation of the floor. The tool is demonstrated and a very first listening test shows that one can obtainresults which are in good agreement with the results in literature. Loudness, reverberation andthumping are shown to influence the annoyance. It is also shown that there is a difference in judgementof walking sounds by persons who have experience with lightweight floors at home and by those whodo not have that experience.
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Johnn, 1983
(författare)
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Shape it until you make it: A conceptual foundation for efforts to analyze and shape technological innovation
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- These are times of accelerating climate change and mass extinction of species on planet Earth. We are in the midst of an ecological crisis that will have profound consequences for human society and its natural environment. While the conditions for life have changed abruptly in the past, the current situation is characterized by the increasing power of a single species. Human beings are not only to blame for the unsustainable practices that brought us here, but also capable of harnessing their combined ingenuity to develop technology that may reduce environmental impacts and provide additional benefits for society. At the same time, the answer to the ecological crisis and other grand challenges is not found in the blind expansion of new technologies. Our success in accomplishing social and environmental objectives rather depends on how, where and when innovation influences patterns of production and consumption. This calls into question the focus of academics and policymakers on stimulating technological innovation. And it highlights the need for analytical tools that can be used to explore how policymakers and other actors may shape the direction of change. The research presented in this thesis therefore aims to develop a conceptual foundation for analyzing and shaping technological innovation. This effort draws on three qualitative case studies that investigate emerging renewable energy technologies from a Swedish perspective. The thesis is situated in the sustainability transitions research community and takes the literature on technological innovation systems as a theoretical point of departure. However, the research adopts a critical perspective and gradually departs from the core concepts used in this literature, over the course of a learning process that unfolds in five appended research papers. In the end, the thesis proposes the technological systems framework as a set of concepts that offers a multidimensional perspective on the dynamics and outcomes of technological innovation. It also presents empirical findings that demonstrate different development trajectories, reveal some of their underlying dynamics and highlight policy implications. This will hopefully contribute to an ongoing shift in academia and politics – from stimulating the expansion of new technologies, to shaping the direction of change.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of fire emissions from Li-ion batteries
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report presents an investigation on gases emitted during Lithium-ion battery fires. Details of the calibration of an FTIR instrument to measure HF, POF3 and PF5 gases are provided as background to the minimum detection limits for each species. The use of FTIR in tests has been verified by repeating experiments reported in the literature. The study reports on gases emitted both after evaporation and after ignition of the electrolyte fumes. Tests were conducted where electrolyte is injected into a propane flame and the influence of the addition of water is studied. Finally three types of battery cells were burnt and emission of fluorine and/or phosphorous containing species quantified.
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