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- Chang, Li, et al.
(författare)
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Recent progress in research on PM2.5 in subways.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 23:5, s. 642-663
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nowadays, PM2.5 concentrations greatly influence indoor air quality in subways and threaten passenger and staff health because PM2.5 not only contains heavy metal elements, but can also carry toxic and harmful substances due to its small size and large specific surface area. Exploring the physicochemical and distribution characteristics of PM2.5 in subways is necessary to limit its concentration and remove it. At present, there are numerous studies on PM2.5 in subways around the world, yet, there is no comprehensive and well-organized review available on this topic. This paper reviews the nearly twenty years of research and over 130 published studies on PM2.5 in subway stations, including aspects such as concentration levels and their influencing factors, physicochemical properties, sources, impacts on health, and mitigation measures. Although many determinants of station PM2.5 concentration have been reported in current studies, e.g., the season, outdoor environment, and station depth, their relative influence is uncertain. The sources of subway PM2.5 include those from the exterior (e.g., road traffic and fuel oil) and the interior (e.g., steel wheels and rails and metallic brake pads), but the proportion of these sources is also unknown. Control strategies of PM mainly include adequate ventilation and filtration, but these measures are often inefficient in removing PM2.5. The impacts of PM2.5 from subways on human health are still poorly understood. Further research should focus on long-term data collection, influencing factors, the mechanism of health impacts, and PM2.5 standards or regulations.
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- Chen, X, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental investigation of a polymer hollow fibre integrated liquid desiccant dehumidification system with aqueous potassium formate solution
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Thermal Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-4311 .- 1873-5606. ; 142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hollow fibres have been studied as the substitute for metallic materials due to the advantages such as light weight, corrosion resistant and low cost in heat and mass transfer applications. A novel polymer hollow fibre liquid desiccant dehumidification system, in which a cross-flow hollow fibre module (fibre inside diameter=1.4mm) serves as the dehumidifier, is presented in this paper. This novel hollow fibre integrated liquid desiccant dehumidification system can be used in an air conditioning system to provide a comfortable indoor environment for hot and humid area. Compared with other conventional liquid desiccant dehumidifier, the polymer hollow fibre has a very small diameter which leads to significantly increased surface area. Moreover, the porous feature of the hollow fibre module can help to eliminate any liquid desiccant droplets carryover into the process air. As a less corrosive and more environmental friendly working fluid, aqueous potassium formate (KCOOH) solution has been selected. The dehumidification performance of the proposed system were analysed experimentally under the conditions of incoming air temperature in the range of 30°C to 45°C. The variations of dehumidification sensible and latent effectiveness, moisture removal rates were studied by varying the incoming air velocity from 0.65 m/s to 4.5m/s. With the various values of incoming air relative humidity in the range of 55% to 75% and the solution concentrations between 36% and 62%, the experimental obtained latent effectiveness are in the range of 0.25 to 0.43 and the sensible effectiveness are in the range of 0.31 to 0.52, which is in a satisfactory agreement with the empirical correlation of effectiveness-NTU in the literature.
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| 5. |
- Chen, X., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental investigations of polymer hollow fibre integrated evaporative cooling system with the fibre bundles in a spindle shape
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 154, s. 166-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the advantages of light weight, corrosion resistant and low cost, hollow fibres have been studied as the substitute for metallic materials. A novel hollow fibre integrated evaporative cooling system, in which the hollow fibre module constitutes as the humidifier and the evaporative cooler, is proposed. This novel hollow fibre integrated evaporative cooling system will provide a comfortable indoor environment for hot and dry area. Moreover, the water vapour can permeate through the hollow fibre effectively, and the liquid water droplets will be prevented from mixing with the processed air. In order to avoid the flow channelling or shielding of adjacent fibres, the fibres inside each bundle were made into a spindle shape to allow maximum contact between the air stream and the fibre. The cooling performances of the proposed novel polymer hollow fibre integrated evaporative cooling system were experimentally investigated under the incoming air temperature in the range of 26 °C to 32 °C and relative humidity of 25%–35%. The effects of air velocities on the cooling effectiveness, heat and mass transfer coefficients, specific water consumption and pressure drop across the polymer hollow fibre module were analysed. Two sets of experimentally derived non-dimensional heat and mass transfer correlations were summarized, which could be favourable for the future design of polymer hollow fibre integrated evaporative cooling system.
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- Duan, Zhiyin, et al.
(författare)
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Indirect evaporative cooling : Past, present and future potentials
- 2012
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 16:9, s. 6823-6850
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reported a review based study into the Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) technology, which was undertaken from a variety of aspects including background, history, current status, concept, standardisation, system configuration, operational mode, research and industrialisation, market prospect and barriers, as well as the future focuses on R&D and commercialisation. This review work indicated that the IEC technology has potential to be an alternative to conventional mechanical vapour compression refrigeration systems to take up the air conditioning duty for buildings. Owing to the continuous progress in technology innovation, particularly the M-cycle development and associated heat and mass transfer and material optimisation, the IEC systems have obtained significantly enhanced cooling performance over those the decade ago, with the wet-bulb effectiveness of greater than 90% and energy efficiency ratio (EER) up to 80. Structure of the IEC heat and mass exchanger varied from flat-plate-stack, tube, heat pipe and potentially wave-form. Materials used for making the exchanger elements (plate/tube) included fibre sheet with the single side water proofing, aluminium plate/tube with single side wicked setting (grooved, meshed, toughed etc), and ceramic plate/tube with single side water proofing. Counter-current water flow relevant to the primary air is considered the favourite choice; good distribution of the water stream across the wet surface of the exchanger plate (tube) and adequate (matching up the evaporation) control of the water flow rate are critical to achieving the expected system performance. It was noticed that the IEC devices were always in combined operation with other cooling measures and the commonly available IEC related operational modes are (1) IEC/DEC system; (2) IEC/DEC/mechanical vapour compression system; (3) IEC/desiccant system; (4) IEC/chilled water system; and (5) IEC/heat pipe system. The future potential operational modes may also cover the IEC-inclusive fan coil units, air handle units, cooling towers, solar driven desiccant cycle, and Rankine cycle based power generation system etc. Future works on the IEC technology may focus on (1) heat exchanger structure and material; (2) water flowing, distribution and treatment; (3) incorporation of the IEC components into conventional air conditioning products to enable combined operation between the IEC and other cooling devices; (4) economic, environment and social impacts; (5) standardisation and legislation; (6) public awareness and other dissemination measures; and (7) manufacturing and commercialisation. All above addressed efforts may help increase the market ratio of the IEC to around 20% in the next 20 years, which will lead to significant saving of fossil fuel consumption and cut of carbon emission related to buildings.
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| 9. |
- Freitas, Iuri, et al.
(författare)
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Green building rating systems in Swedish market : A comparative analysis between LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 153, s. 402-407
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, there are four most commonly used green building rating systems, which are LEED, BREEAM SE, GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad. In this study, each of them is analyzed under the aspects of certification process, implementation cost, educational needs and the variety of categories. SWOT method is further applied to extract the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of each of the rating system in a direct and indirect manner, making it clearer to choose among various options when considering the individual needs of each project in practice.
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| 10. |
- Gao, D. -C, et al.
(författare)
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A GA-based NZEB-cluster planning and design optimization method for mitigating grid overvoltage risk
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) are considered as a promising method to mitigating the energy problems. Due to the intermittent characteristics of renewable energy (e.g., solar energy), NZEBs need to frequently exchange energy with the grid, which imposes severe negative impacts on the grid especially the overvoltage risk. Both planning and design are essential for reducing NZEB connected grid overvoltage, but most existing studies isolated the efforts from planning to design, thereby failing to achieve the best cumulative result. More importantly, existing studies oversimplified overvoltage quantification by using aggregated power interactions to represent overvoltage risk, which cannot consider the complex voltage influences among grid nodes. Due to the isolated efforts and the quantification oversimplification, existing studies can hardly achieve overvoltage risk minimization. Therefore, this study proposes a novel GA (genetic algorithm)-based method in which the key planning and design parameters are optimized sequentially for mitigating the overvoltage risk. Meanwhile, distribution network model has been adopted to precisely quantify the grid overvoltage. The study results show that the proposed method is highly effective in reducing NZEB cluster connected grid overvoltage risk. The proposed method can be used in practice for improving NZEB cluster planning and system design as grid interaction is considered. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
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