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Sökning: LAR1:fhs > Käihkö Ilmari

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1.
  • Honig, Jan Willem, et al. (författare)
  • An Exemplary Defeat : The West in Afghanistan, 2001-2021
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Armed forces and society. - 0095-327X .- 1556-0848. ; 49:4, s. 989-1000
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Western defeat in Afghanistan was due to an inadequate process of strategic reflection informed, first, by an overestimation of the attractiveness of the Western political agenda to Afghans and, second, by overconfidence in the effectiveness of its military approach. As a corollary, popular support for the Taliban was underestimated. The insurgents possessed a degree of what we term strategic cohesion-a sociopolitical and military embeddedness within society-that produced a far stronger strategic effectiveness than we could replicate in our Afghan allies. Furthermore, a military-professional mindset underestimated the degree to which political considerations permeated the battlefield. The political effect of military actions was insufficiently integrated into strategic practice. Specifically, the linchpin officer in staff planning and field operations in Western armies struggled to act as what we term strategic colonels. In both respects, the war continues to offer important lessons for Western involvement in future conflict, including with Russia and China.
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2.
  • Käihkö, Ilmari (författare)
  • A Conventional War : Escalation in the War in Donbas, Ukraine
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Slavic Military Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1351-8046 .- 1556-3006. ; 34:1, s. 24-49
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The War in Donbas was in its early phases largely fought between non-state volunteer battalions and separatist forces. Yet unlike the expected theories of non-state actors, the war witnessed limited and symmetrical acts of escalation and rather conventional warfare. Building on primary Ukrainian sources, I argue that this limited escalation stems in part from shared cultural and military norms — a common normative framework — possessed by the belligerents. The contribution of this article is an empirical chronology of the War in Donbas, as well as a discussion of the influence of culture and norms in escalatory dynamics and use of force.
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3.
  • Käihkö, Ilmari (författare)
  • All krigföring är av hybrid natur
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift. - 0039-0747. ; 118:4, s. 623-641
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • All Warfare is Hybrid.It has recently been argued that a new form of warfare – hybrid warfare – is fundamentally changing the way our enemies fight against us. This supposedly unprecedented form of warfare is characterized by the mixing of methods and ways of organization, as well as the blurring of the line between war and peace. This article argues that hybrid warfare is just the newest military buzzword around. While the concept highlights fundamental questions regarding war and democratic norms of civil-military relations, it provides no answers. Rather, it harks back to an imaginary past characterized by simpleness and clarity. A thorough reading of the extensive literature on modern warfare would show that the concept describes what has become the norm: all warfare is hybrid. As with other unclear concepts built on shaky foundations, it is difficult to see how hybrid warfare can contribute to better understanding or policymaking.
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4.
  • Käihkö, Ilmari (författare)
  • Ambiguity and Methodological Transparency in the Study of Civil War : An Answer to Themner’s ‘Lingering Command Structures’ in Liberia
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Civil Wars. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1369-8249 .- 1743-968X. ; 24:4, s. 524-534
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Researchers who study civil wars and other armed conflicts are bound to face ambiguities. This article continues the discussion about research brokers in conflict zones that started in a 2019 special issue of Civil Wars and scrutinises the finding that Liberian wartime command structures continue to linger in informal guises long to the post-conflict. Absent transparent acknowledging of the ambiguities it glosses over, past scholarship risks a far too neat story that imbues arguments with untested assumptions. The result neither captures the complexity of contemporary realities of Liberian former combatants nor helps Liberia to move forward from its difficult past.
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5.
  • Käihkö, Ilmari (författare)
  • Broadening the Perspective on Military Cohesion
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Armed forces and society. - : Sage Publications. - 0095-327X .- 1556-0848. ; 44:4, s. 571-586
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • It is difficult to underestimate the importance of cohesion for armed groups or organizations specialized and engaged in organized violence. This article argues that the recent debate on military cohesion has been far too narrow as it focused on Western state militaries during the 20th and 21st centuries, and even then only on the microlevel. It is necessary to broaden the perspective in order to construct theories that encompass even the vast majority of armed groups—the non-Western, nonstate, and nonmodern. This article advocates two ways of doing so: the investigation of cases that belong to these three types and broadening analysis to two new levels of analysis—the meso-level of armed groups and the macro-level, which contains state and society. Cohesion is established through harmonizing these three levels, which necessitates including them in the analysis in the first place.
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6.
  • Käihkö, Ilmari (författare)
  • Bush Generals and Small Boy Battalions : Military Cohesion in Liberia and Beyond
  • 2016
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • All organizations involved in war are concerned with military cohesion. Yet previous studies have only investigated cohesion in a very narrow manner, focusing almost solely on Western state militaries or on micro-level explanations. This dissertation argues for the need to broaden this perspective. It focuses on three classic sources of cohesion – coercion, compensation and constructs (such as identity and ideology) – and investigates their relevance in the Second Liberian Civil War (1999-2003). More specifically, this dissertation consists of an inquiry of how the conflict's three main military organizations – Charles Taylor’s Government of Liberia (GoL), the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD) and Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) – drew on these three sources to foster cohesion. Based on thirteen months of ethnographic fieldwork with former combatants, this dissertation contains five parts: an introduction, which focuses on issues of theory and method, and four essays that investigate the three sources of cohesion in the three organizations. Essay I focuses on the LURD rebels, and provides an insider account of their strategy. It shows that even decentralized movements like the LURD can execute strategy, and contends that the LURD fought its fiercest battles not against the government, but to keep itself together. Essay II focuses on coercion, and counters the prevailing view of African rebels’ extensive use of coercion to keep themselves together. Since extreme coercion in particular remained illegitimate, its use would have decreased, rather than increased, cohesion. Essay III investigates the government militias to whom warfighting was subcontracted. In a context characterized by a weak state and fragmented social organization, compensation may have remained the only available source of cohesion. Essay IV investigates identities as sources of cohesion. It argues that while identities are a powerful cohesive source, they must be both created and maintained to remain relevant. Taken together, this dissertation argues for a more comprehensive approach to the investigation of cohesion, and one that also takes into account mezzo- and macro-level factors.
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7.
  • Käihkö, Ilmari (författare)
  • Conflict chatnography : Instant messaging apps, social media and conflict ethnography in Ukraine
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Ethnography. - : SAGE Publications. - 1466-1381 .- 1741-2714. ; 21:1, s. 71-91
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Social media and instant messaging are fast becoming an integral part of contemporary life, and subsequently of ethnographic research. As ethnography is essentially a process defined by relations between people, this article investigates how online interaction influenced my relationships with the people I studied: Ukrainian volunteer battalions. Framed in a broader context of conflict ethnography, the resulting chatnography made access to informants tremendously easier, and allowed for remote data collection. Chatnography nevertheless exacerbated ethical challenges posed by study of armed conflict. The blending of offline and online also led to despatialization, and the blurring of personal and professional. This questions the traditional notion of the 'field', while more immediately threatening to limit my private life. While not a magic bullet, the convenience of chatnography means that it will be here for years to come. This article offers an attempt to investigate what this entails in practice.
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8.
  • Käihkö, Ilmari (författare)
  • Conflict Ethnography Goes Online : Chatnography of the Ukrainian Volunteer Battalions
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: The Companion to Peace and Conflict Fieldwork. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783030464325 - 9783030464332 ; , s. 207-221
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This chapter discusses how conflict ethnography—ethnography attuned to the challenges of researching armed conflict—went online in my study of Ukrainian volunteer battalions. This online turn was both unexpected and exciting. While I had never been particularly interested in online research, social media and instant messaging nevertheless appeared to offer unforeseen opportunities for remotely researching a scantly studied conflict. In this chapter, I describe three revelatory moments that marked the rise, fall and plateau of the resulting chatnography, or the interaction through instant messaging apps and social media. Ultimately, I advocate caution when it comes to the use of digital methods in the study of armed conflict: while chatnography may be unavoidable, it can only work as one dimension of a broader ethnographic effort.
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9.
  • Käihkö, Ilmari (författare)
  • Contracting war in West Africa : cohesion and the business of war in Charles Taylor's Liberia
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In the existing literature, compensation is often understood to be an inferior source of cohesion in military organizations. At the same time, African conflicts have especially been described as being driven by material factors. Through an investigation of the militia forces that fought for Charles Taylor’s Government of Liberia, this paper seeks to nuance these views. More specifically, it makes three claims. Firstly, the organization of these forces was looser than is often claimed in previous literature, which assumes tight and often coercive military patrimonialism. Resultantly, the militias did not enjoy the interpersonal bonds of solidarity that has dominated cohesion literature since the Second World War. Secondly, since Taylor chose to suppress attempts to build cohesion around ethnicity, it played a subordinate role in unifying the militias. Thirdly, Taylor instead relied on compensation, which allowed for the broad mobilization of forces. The combination of militias’ hopes of inclusion into the state patrimony and insufficient resources to realize this, left the cohesion of the militias fragile. Ultimately, this paper questions both whether Taylor had any choice but to resort to compensation in a context with weak state and fragmented social organization, but also whether the strategy is as inefficient as often thought.
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10.
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  • Resultat 1-10 av 42

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